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<p>Cellulose microspheres with high specific surface area have considerable application prospects in drug delivery. The traditional methods for preparation of microspheres with diameter of less than 10&#xa0;µm and controllable particle size are highly challenging. Herein, regenerated nanoporous cellulose microspheres (NCMs) with a high specific surface area up to 137 m<sup>2</sup>/g and a diameter sub-5&#xa0;μm were prepared by membrane emulsification method. By optimizing the membrane pore size, cellulose concentration, and applied pressure, cellulose microspheres with control size and nanopores (10–50&#xa0;nm) were prepared. Unlike conventional methods requiring chemical crosslinking, freeze-drying for physical solidification was applied to ensure biocompatibility and sustainability. The XRD results confirmed the transformation of cellulose crystalline structure from type I to type II, accompanied by reduced crystallinity. The NCMs demonstrated exceptional folic acid (FA) loading performance, achieving a maximum capacity of 35.21% and significantly improved storage stability, 70.04% retention after 30&#xa0;h at 70&#xa0;°C, compared to 50.38% for pure FA. Furthermore, in the simulated in vitro digestion experiments, the FCM exhibited a control release of FA in the gastrointestinal fluid. These results highlight the potential of NCMs as versatile carriers for drug delivery systems, offering advantages in controlled release, stability enhancement, and scalability for biomedical applications.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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Preparation of nanoporous cellulose microspheres by membrane emulsification for loading folic acid

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • Xingyi Liang,
  • Changzi Jin,
  • Rui Wang,
  • Dan Qiu,
  • Ya Li

摘要

Cellulose microspheres with high specific surface area have considerable application prospects in drug delivery. The traditional methods for preparation of microspheres with diameter of less than 10 µm and controllable particle size are highly challenging. Herein, regenerated nanoporous cellulose microspheres (NCMs) with a high specific surface area up to 137 m2/g and a diameter sub-5 μm were prepared by membrane emulsification method. By optimizing the membrane pore size, cellulose concentration, and applied pressure, cellulose microspheres with control size and nanopores (10–50 nm) were prepared. Unlike conventional methods requiring chemical crosslinking, freeze-drying for physical solidification was applied to ensure biocompatibility and sustainability. The XRD results confirmed the transformation of cellulose crystalline structure from type I to type II, accompanied by reduced crystallinity. The NCMs demonstrated exceptional folic acid (FA) loading performance, achieving a maximum capacity of 35.21% and significantly improved storage stability, 70.04% retention after 30 h at 70 °C, compared to 50.38% for pure FA. Furthermore, in the simulated in vitro digestion experiments, the FCM exhibited a control release of FA in the gastrointestinal fluid. These results highlight the potential of NCMs as versatile carriers for drug delivery systems, offering advantages in controlled release, stability enhancement, and scalability for biomedical applications.

Graphic abstract