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<p>This study explores the development of sodium carboxymethylcellulose/carbon nanotube composite coatings for sustainable water sensors. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), a biodegradable biopolymer, was used as a dispersing matrix for carbon nanotubes (CNT),&#xa0;forming a stable conductive composite. Resistance was analysed in a CNT concentration range of 5–95&#xa0;wt%, with a percolation threshold at ~ 9.14&#xa0;wt%. The water interaction was examined under high humidity, droplet deposition, and in full immersion. Coatings with a low CNT content exhibited significant resistance changes, while higher CNT concentrations (&gt; 50&#xa0;wt%) provided greater stability. Mechanical durability was assessed in abrasion and bending tests, revealing high structural integrity. After 35 cycles of abrasion, the coating resistance increased by ~ 65%, while bending resulted in minor resistance variations, below 1% for inward bending and less than 3% for outward bending. In addition to experiments, semi-empirical and atomistic simulations have revealed that NaCMC hinders the electron transport in individual CNT, increasing the coating resistance. However, even a small amount of water can screen this effect. The presence of NaCMC on CNT junctions, which play a crucial role in charge transport within CNT coatings, can enhance or reduce their transport properties, depending on the junction type. The calculations have also shown that NaCMC, because of its rigidity, binds weakly to CNT. These findings highlight NaCMC/CNT composites as promising materials for green electronics, including humidity sensors and water-sensitive conductive coatings.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Sodium carboxymethylcellulose/carbon nanotube composite coatings: a sustainable approach to water detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月10日

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  • Anna Martin,
  • Damian Łukawski,
  • Dorota Biernacka,
  • Karolina Z. Milowska,
  • Agnieszka Lekawa-Raus,
  • Alina Dudkowiak

摘要

This study explores the development of sodium carboxymethylcellulose/carbon nanotube composite coatings for sustainable water sensors. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), a biodegradable biopolymer, was used as a dispersing matrix for carbon nanotubes (CNT), forming a stable conductive composite. Resistance was analysed in a CNT concentration range of 5–95 wt%, with a percolation threshold at ~ 9.14 wt%. The water interaction was examined under high humidity, droplet deposition, and in full immersion. Coatings with a low CNT content exhibited significant resistance changes, while higher CNT concentrations (> 50 wt%) provided greater stability. Mechanical durability was assessed in abrasion and bending tests, revealing high structural integrity. After 35 cycles of abrasion, the coating resistance increased by ~ 65%, while bending resulted in minor resistance variations, below 1% for inward bending and less than 3% for outward bending. In addition to experiments, semi-empirical and atomistic simulations have revealed that NaCMC hinders the electron transport in individual CNT, increasing the coating resistance. However, even a small amount of water can screen this effect. The presence of NaCMC on CNT junctions, which play a crucial role in charge transport within CNT coatings, can enhance or reduce their transport properties, depending on the junction type. The calculations have also shown that NaCMC, because of its rigidity, binds weakly to CNT. These findings highlight NaCMC/CNT composites as promising materials for green electronics, including humidity sensors and water-sensitive conductive coatings.

Graphical abstract