<p>The efficient management of wastewater is more critical than ever, as waterborne pollutants contribute to approximately 1.4 million deaths annually. Addressing this challenge requires innovative, cost-effective, and ecologically sustainable solutions. One promising approach involves the integration of photocatalysts such as TiO₂, ZnO, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, CeO₂, Bi₂WO₆, and titanium silicate with advanced microbial cellulose immobilization techniques, including adsorption, encapsulation, entrapment, and covalent binding. This review explores existing organic and inorganic wastewater treatment methods while highlighting recent advancements in microbial cellulose-based technologies for pollutant removal. The findings indicate that incorporating nanophotocatalysts into microbial cellulose matrices significantly enhances their stability, efficiency, and recyclability. A key factor in improving photocatalyst performance under visible light is the reduction of band gap width, which substantially increases pollutant degradation rates. Additionally, this study identifies critical knowledge gaps and proposes practical, environmentally sustainable strategies for advancing wastewater treatment technologies.</p>