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<p>The need for eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sensitive heavy metal detection methods is critical for environmental monitoring. This study presents a novel inkjet-printed silver nanoparticle (AgNP) electrode on biodegradable cellulose-derived paper substrates for electrochemical detection of lead (Pb(II)) and cadmium (Cd(II)). Unlike conventional printed electrodes, this work optimizes the interaction between AgNP ink and different cellulose-based substrates, considering morphology, surface roughness, and porosity effects. Among the tested substrates (photo paper, A4 paper, filter paper, and nitrocellulose), photo paper exhibited the highest performance due to its smooth, low-porosity surface, leading to enhanced conductivity and electrochemical response. The optimized AgNP/photo paper electrode achieved detection limits of 72.35&#xa0;ppb for Pb(II) and 111.89&#xa0;ppb for Cd(II), demonstrating competitive sensitivity compared to commercial screen-printed electrodes. This study highlights the potential of inkjet-printed AgNP electrodes on cellulose-derived substrates as a sustainable and scalable alternative for real-time heavy metal monitoring.</p>

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Evaluation of inkjet-printed cellulose-based paper substrate electrodes for heavy metal detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月4日

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  • Najwa Ibrahim,
  • Noorhashimah Mohamad Nor,
  • Khairunisak Abdul Razak,
  • Mariatti Jaafar

摘要

The need for eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sensitive heavy metal detection methods is critical for environmental monitoring. This study presents a novel inkjet-printed silver nanoparticle (AgNP) electrode on biodegradable cellulose-derived paper substrates for electrochemical detection of lead (Pb(II)) and cadmium (Cd(II)). Unlike conventional printed electrodes, this work optimizes the interaction between AgNP ink and different cellulose-based substrates, considering morphology, surface roughness, and porosity effects. Among the tested substrates (photo paper, A4 paper, filter paper, and nitrocellulose), photo paper exhibited the highest performance due to its smooth, low-porosity surface, leading to enhanced conductivity and electrochemical response. The optimized AgNP/photo paper electrode achieved detection limits of 72.35 ppb for Pb(II) and 111.89 ppb for Cd(II), demonstrating competitive sensitivity compared to commercial screen-printed electrodes. This study highlights the potential of inkjet-printed AgNP electrodes on cellulose-derived substrates as a sustainable and scalable alternative for real-time heavy metal monitoring.