<p>The expected outcomes of this study are to practically fabricate and experimentally characterize low-density binderless fiberboard made from sugarcane bagasse materials. In recent years, the development of natural fibrous insulation materials derived from renewable resources has demonstrated great potential for use in building and construction applications, contributing to global sustainable development efforts. The standout qualities of building materials from natural plants or agricultural residues, such as cost-effective production, high specific strength, biodegradability, and favorable intrinsic properties. However, a major concern with those derived from petrochemical sources is the release of volatile organic compounds during recycling, which raises environmental challenges and health concerns for humans. From this perspective, the primary objective of the present study is to manufacture low-density fiberboards from sugarcane bagasse residues without adhesives. The following experiments are then conducted to assess the key factors affecting self-bonding ability, including morphological analysis (SEM), chemical compositions (FTIR), thermal degradation (TGA), and heat-resistant capacity by examining the thermal resistance value (RSI value). The binderless low-density fiberboards are produced by the wet-forming method, followed by a drying process at different levels of temperatures. Results indicated that the self-bonding quality of binderless fiberboards was significantly influenced by morphology, chemical interactions of functional groups present in lignocellulosic materials, drying temperature, and thermal degradation process. Additionally, binderless bagasse fiberboard exhibited a relatively low value of density, ranging from 114.35 to 133.76&#xa0;kg/m³, and their thermal resistance values varying from 0.460 to 0.602 m²·K/W highlighted great promise as a sustainable material for building insulation applications.</p>