<p>In this paper, as a continuation of [Fernandez-Guasti, Celest Mech Dyn Astron 137, 4 (2025)], we demonstrate the maximal superintegrability of the reduced Hamiltonian, which governs the four-body choreographic planar motion along the trisectrix limaçon (resembling a folded figure eight), in the six-dimensional space of relative motion. The pairwise interaction potential <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10569_2025_10255_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(V(r_{ij})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">ij</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> among the four bodies is a quadratic expression in the relative distances <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10569_2025_10255_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(r_{ij}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">ij</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, with a combination of positive and negative coefficients. The corresponding eleven integrals of motion in the Liouville-Arnold sense are presented explicitly. Specifically, it is shown that the reduced Hamiltonian admits complete separation of variables in Jacobi-like variables. The emergence of this choreography is not a direct consequence of maximal superintegrability. Rather, it originates from the existence of <i>particular integrals</i> and the phenomenon of <i>particular involution</i>. We also provide a detailed analysis of the fragmentation of a general four-body choreographic motion into two isomorphic two-body choreographies, as well as the reverse process, namely, the fusion of two-body choreographies into a four-body configuration. This model combines choreographic motion with maximal superintegrability, a seldom-studied interplay in classical mechanics.</p>

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On the four-body limaçon choreography: maximal superintegrability and choreographic fragmentation

  • Adrian M. Escobar-Ruiz,
  • Manuel Fernandez-Guasti

摘要

In this paper, as a continuation of [Fernandez-Guasti, Celest Mech Dyn Astron 137, 4 (2025)], we demonstrate the maximal superintegrability of the reduced Hamiltonian, which governs the four-body choreographic planar motion along the trisectrix limaçon (resembling a folded figure eight), in the six-dimensional space of relative motion. The pairwise interaction potential \(V(r_{ij})\) V ( r ij ) among the four bodies is a quadratic expression in the relative distances \(r_{ij}\) r ij , with a combination of positive and negative coefficients. The corresponding eleven integrals of motion in the Liouville-Arnold sense are presented explicitly. Specifically, it is shown that the reduced Hamiltonian admits complete separation of variables in Jacobi-like variables. The emergence of this choreography is not a direct consequence of maximal superintegrability. Rather, it originates from the existence of particular integrals and the phenomenon of particular involution. We also provide a detailed analysis of the fragmentation of a general four-body choreographic motion into two isomorphic two-body choreographies, as well as the reverse process, namely, the fusion of two-body choreographies into a four-body configuration. This model combines choreographic motion with maximal superintegrability, a seldom-studied interplay in classical mechanics.