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<p>Recently, bifunctional acid–base catalysts for the simultaneous conversion of triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFAs) into biodiesel have attracted significant attention. This research studies the catalytic efficacy of zinc oxide (ZnO)-modified sulfonated biochar (ZnO/SB) in the simultaneous conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel, therefore the application of this catalyst renders the process more cost-effective, easy, and environmentally sustainable. We prepared the ZnO/SB by the wet impregnation method with the various weight percentage ratios (5, 15, and 25 wt%). The acidity and basicity parameters were optimized to identify the most effective catalytic conditions and evaluate the catalyst’s stability and reusability for the biodiesel synthesis. The obtained samples were characterized by TPD-NH<sub>3</sub>, TPD-CO<sub>2</sub>, FTIR, XRD, XRF, SEM–EDX, and surface area analyzer. The liquid yield from the simultaneous reaction for biodiesel production was characterized by GC–MS. The findings indicated that ZnO/SB-15 exhibited the highest acidity and basicity at 1.17 and 0.68&#xa0;mmol&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, resulting in a biodiesel production of 40.99% and a free fatty acid conversion of 53.45% through a single-step esterification-transesterification process of waste cooking oil.</p>

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Investigating the Catalytic Performance of ZnO/Sulfonated Biochar for the Simultaneous Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月1日

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  • Sarah Pratiwi,
  • Latifah Hauli,
  • Reski Marhadi,
  • Dieni Mansur,
  • Arief Budiman

摘要

Recently, bifunctional acid–base catalysts for the simultaneous conversion of triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFAs) into biodiesel have attracted significant attention. This research studies the catalytic efficacy of zinc oxide (ZnO)-modified sulfonated biochar (ZnO/SB) in the simultaneous conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel, therefore the application of this catalyst renders the process more cost-effective, easy, and environmentally sustainable. We prepared the ZnO/SB by the wet impregnation method with the various weight percentage ratios (5, 15, and 25 wt%). The acidity and basicity parameters were optimized to identify the most effective catalytic conditions and evaluate the catalyst’s stability and reusability for the biodiesel synthesis. The obtained samples were characterized by TPD-NH3, TPD-CO2, FTIR, XRD, XRF, SEM–EDX, and surface area analyzer. The liquid yield from the simultaneous reaction for biodiesel production was characterized by GC–MS. The findings indicated that ZnO/SB-15 exhibited the highest acidity and basicity at 1.17 and 0.68 mmol g−1, respectively, resulting in a biodiesel production of 40.99% and a free fatty acid conversion of 53.45% through a single-step esterification-transesterification process of waste cooking oil.