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<p>The present work reports the synthesis of heterogeneous catalyst from egg waste shell for biodiesel production from date seed oil to develop sustainable energy process and present viable solution for wastes management. Hydroxyapatite was successfully derived from the egg shells which was later modified with different loadings of Bismuth. The presence of various elements such as Calcium, Phosphorous and Bismuth in the catalyst plays a vital role in its activity. The various physiochemical properties of the designed catalyst (Bi-HAP) were thoroughly probed with different analytical techniques such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM and BET analysis. Amongst the designed catalysts, 10 wt% Bismuth loading provided highest FAME yield of 86% under the following optimum reaction conditions. i.e., 64&#xa0;°C reaction temperature, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 5 wt% catalyst amount and 2-h reaction time. The results reveals that the synergism among the metals in 10 wt% Bi-HAP catalyst was more profound which provided greater number of active sites for efficient conversion of date seeds oil to biodiesel as compared to the other catalysts. Moreover, the designed catalyst showed multiple reused capability, indicating substantial chemical stability. The date seeds biodiesel also possessed good fuel characteristics complying with the ASTM standards. Thus, the designed catalyst provides cheap and sustainable approach for biodiesel production from the wastes.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Bismuth Impregnated Hydroxyapatite as a Perspective Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Seeds Oil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月5日

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  • Muhammad Farooq,
  • Naseer Ullah,
  • Anita Ramli,
  • Fouzia Perveen,
  • Maheem Farid,
  • Ihtisham Wali Khan,
  • Ghazala Abid,
  • Hidayatullah,
  • Mansoor ul Hassan Shah

摘要

The present work reports the synthesis of heterogeneous catalyst from egg waste shell for biodiesel production from date seed oil to develop sustainable energy process and present viable solution for wastes management. Hydroxyapatite was successfully derived from the egg shells which was later modified with different loadings of Bismuth. The presence of various elements such as Calcium, Phosphorous and Bismuth in the catalyst plays a vital role in its activity. The various physiochemical properties of the designed catalyst (Bi-HAP) were thoroughly probed with different analytical techniques such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM and BET analysis. Amongst the designed catalysts, 10 wt% Bismuth loading provided highest FAME yield of 86% under the following optimum reaction conditions. i.e., 64 °C reaction temperature, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 5 wt% catalyst amount and 2-h reaction time. The results reveals that the synergism among the metals in 10 wt% Bi-HAP catalyst was more profound which provided greater number of active sites for efficient conversion of date seeds oil to biodiesel as compared to the other catalysts. Moreover, the designed catalyst showed multiple reused capability, indicating substantial chemical stability. The date seeds biodiesel also possessed good fuel characteristics complying with the ASTM standards. Thus, the designed catalyst provides cheap and sustainable approach for biodiesel production from the wastes.

Graphical Abstract