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<p>An environmentally benign route was developed for the green synthesis of silver (BA Ag) and Ag/ZnO (BA Ag/ZnO) nanocomposites using <i>Berberis asiatica</i> Roxb. ex DC extract as a natural reducing and capping agent. This sustainable method avoids the use of hazardous reagents typically required in conventional synthesis. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized using spectroscopic, microscopic, and surface analysis techniques, confirming their crystalline structure and nanoscale morphology, with average particle sizes of approximately 5&#xa0;nm for BA Ag and 16&#xa0;nm for BA Ag/ZnO. The BA Ag/ZnO nanoparticles efficiently catalyzed the one-pot synthesis of chromene derivatives in aqueous ethanol, affording products within 25&#xa0;min and in yields of up to 98%. The reaction showed excellent atom economy, indicating efficient utilization of reactants and minimal waste generation. Furthermore, green chemistry metrics, including reaction mass efficiency (RME), process mass intensity (PMI), and related parameters, demonstrated the sustainability of the protocol, while high turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) values confirmed the superior catalytic efficiency and rapid reaction kinetics of the BA Ag/ZnO nanocatalyst. Moreover, BA Ag/ZnO nanoparticles exhibited superior antioxidant activity, with approximately 62.31% DPPH radical scavenging at 100&#xa0;µg/mL and an IC₅₀ value of 79.39&#xa0;µg/mL, compared with 138.55&#xa0;µg/mL for BA Ag, along with a phosphomolybdenum value of about 97.84 AAE mg/g. Both nanomaterials also displayed potent antimicrobial activity against <i>Aeromonas veronii</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i>. Overall, the BA Ag/ZnO nanoparticles represent promising green-engineered materials with notable catalytic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green Synthesis of Ag and Ag/ZnO Nanocomposite Using Berberis asiatica Extract: Characterization, Catalytic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Nisha Suryawanshi,
  • Nilesh Pandit,
  • Pavan Pagare,
  • Vijay Shinde,
  • Amol Jadhav,
  • Avinash Jondhale,
  • Smita Chavan,
  • Santosh Kamble,
  • Mahendra L. Ahire

摘要

An environmentally benign route was developed for the green synthesis of silver (BA Ag) and Ag/ZnO (BA Ag/ZnO) nanocomposites using Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC extract as a natural reducing and capping agent. This sustainable method avoids the use of hazardous reagents typically required in conventional synthesis. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized using spectroscopic, microscopic, and surface analysis techniques, confirming their crystalline structure and nanoscale morphology, with average particle sizes of approximately 5 nm for BA Ag and 16 nm for BA Ag/ZnO. The BA Ag/ZnO nanoparticles efficiently catalyzed the one-pot synthesis of chromene derivatives in aqueous ethanol, affording products within 25 min and in yields of up to 98%. The reaction showed excellent atom economy, indicating efficient utilization of reactants and minimal waste generation. Furthermore, green chemistry metrics, including reaction mass efficiency (RME), process mass intensity (PMI), and related parameters, demonstrated the sustainability of the protocol, while high turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) values confirmed the superior catalytic efficiency and rapid reaction kinetics of the BA Ag/ZnO nanocatalyst. Moreover, BA Ag/ZnO nanoparticles exhibited superior antioxidant activity, with approximately 62.31% DPPH radical scavenging at 100 µg/mL and an IC₅₀ value of 79.39 µg/mL, compared with 138.55 µg/mL for BA Ag, along with a phosphomolybdenum value of about 97.84 AAE mg/g. Both nanomaterials also displayed potent antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas veronii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. Overall, the BA Ag/ZnO nanoparticles represent promising green-engineered materials with notable catalytic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential.

Graphical Abstract