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<p>Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) derived nanomaterials were synthesized using Ce, Fe, and Cu metal precursors with trimesic acid (TMA) as the organic linker via a green synthesis route, and their structural, morphological, and catalytic properties were systematically investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the formation of crystalline, phase-pure frameworks with characteristic metal–ligand coordination. In contrast, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) analyses revealed mesoporous structures with distinct surface areas and pore volumes. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) analysis demonstrated morphology-dependent features, including porous rods (Ce-TMA), coral-like aggregates (Fe-TMA), and cuboidal crystalline structures (Cu-TMA). Catalytic performance tests revealed that Fe-TMA achieved the highest chlorpyrifos degradation efficiency (99.6%) through efficient Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox cycling and adsorption-driven radical generation, followed by Ce-TMA (98.5%) and Cu-TMA (82%). Kinetic analysis revealed that pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion models best describe the degradation process, underscoring the combined roles of adsorption and surface reactions. For carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation, Cu-TMA outperformed the other catalysts, achieving the lowest temperature (T<sub>50</sub> = 352&#xa0;°C) and the highest pre-exponential factor. In contrast, Fe-TMA exhibited moderate performance, whereas Ce-TMA was limited by its low active site density. These findings confirm that TMA-linked MOFs synthesised through green chemistry are a sustainable, multifunctional catalysts for addressing both water and soil pollution (chlorpyrifos degradation) and air pollution (CO oxidation), with Fe-TMA excelling in wastewater treatment and Cu-TMA proving superior in emission control.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable Synthesis of Metal (Ce, Fe, and Cu)–Organic Framework as Multi-functional Catalysts for Water and Air Pollution Control

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Archi Katiyar,
  • Vishal B. Upare,
  • Ajayraj A,
  • Amala J,
  • Anjana P. Anantharaman

摘要

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) derived nanomaterials were synthesized using Ce, Fe, and Cu metal precursors with trimesic acid (TMA) as the organic linker via a green synthesis route, and their structural, morphological, and catalytic properties were systematically investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the formation of crystalline, phase-pure frameworks with characteristic metal–ligand coordination. In contrast, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) analyses revealed mesoporous structures with distinct surface areas and pore volumes. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) analysis demonstrated morphology-dependent features, including porous rods (Ce-TMA), coral-like aggregates (Fe-TMA), and cuboidal crystalline structures (Cu-TMA). Catalytic performance tests revealed that Fe-TMA achieved the highest chlorpyrifos degradation efficiency (99.6%) through efficient Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox cycling and adsorption-driven radical generation, followed by Ce-TMA (98.5%) and Cu-TMA (82%). Kinetic analysis revealed that pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion models best describe the degradation process, underscoring the combined roles of adsorption and surface reactions. For carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation, Cu-TMA outperformed the other catalysts, achieving the lowest temperature (T50 = 352 °C) and the highest pre-exponential factor. In contrast, Fe-TMA exhibited moderate performance, whereas Ce-TMA was limited by its low active site density. These findings confirm that TMA-linked MOFs synthesised through green chemistry are a sustainable, multifunctional catalysts for addressing both water and soil pollution (chlorpyrifos degradation) and air pollution (CO oxidation), with Fe-TMA excelling in wastewater treatment and Cu-TMA proving superior in emission control.

Graphical Abstract