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<p>In this work, a novel core-shell magnetic composite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) functionalized with a 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane ionic liquid (MRF/DABCO-IL), was successfully synthesized and comprehensively characterized by XRD, EDX, TGA, FE-SEM, TEM, VSM, and FT-IR analyses. These characterizations confirmed the formation of the core-shell structure and the successful incorporation of DABCO-IL functional moieties. The catalytic efficiency of MRF/DABCO-IL was evaluated in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction under both ultrasonic and thermal conditions. Remarkably, under ultrasonic irradiation, target products were achieved in excellent yields (90–97%) within only 4–16&#xa0;min at room temperature, while conventional heating afforded comparable yields (89–94%) in 8–25&#xa0;min. The application of ultrasonics not only enhanced the reaction rate and yield but also enabled the process to proceed under milder and greener conditions. Moreover, the catalyst readily recovered <i>via</i> an external magnetic field and reused for at least eight consecutive cycles without a significant loss in activity, highlighting its potential as a robust and sustainable catalytic system.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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DABCO-IL Immobilized on Magnetic Resorcinol-Formaldehyde: A Recyclable Nanocatalyst for Ultrasonic‑Assisted Knoevenagel Condensation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Mozhgan Esfandiari,
  • Alireza Salimi Beni

摘要

In this work, a novel core-shell magnetic composite, Fe3O4@resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) functionalized with a 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane ionic liquid (MRF/DABCO-IL), was successfully synthesized and comprehensively characterized by XRD, EDX, TGA, FE-SEM, TEM, VSM, and FT-IR analyses. These characterizations confirmed the formation of the core-shell structure and the successful incorporation of DABCO-IL functional moieties. The catalytic efficiency of MRF/DABCO-IL was evaluated in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction under both ultrasonic and thermal conditions. Remarkably, under ultrasonic irradiation, target products were achieved in excellent yields (90–97%) within only 4–16 min at room temperature, while conventional heating afforded comparable yields (89–94%) in 8–25 min. The application of ultrasonics not only enhanced the reaction rate and yield but also enabled the process to proceed under milder and greener conditions. Moreover, the catalyst readily recovered via an external magnetic field and reused for at least eight consecutive cycles without a significant loss in activity, highlighting its potential as a robust and sustainable catalytic system.

Graphical Abstract