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<p>The widespread occurrence of pharmaceutical pollutants, particularly ciprofloxacin, in aquatic environments threatens ecosystem health and promotes bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Conventional wastewater treatments fail to meet the standards (&lt; 0.1&#xa0;µg/L), while TiO₂ photocatalysts show limited visible-light activity because of their wide band gaps (3.0-3.2&#xa0;eV). In this study, Co-doped Co<sub>x</sub>Sr<sub>0.7−x</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>Al<sub>0.4</sub>Fe<sub>1.6</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (X = 0,0.2) spinel ferrites were synthesized, and X-ray diffraction confirmed a cubic spinel ferrite structure, with cobalt doping reducing the crystallite size (from 28.371 to 20.488&#xa0;nm). FTIR spectroscopy revealed the incorporation of Co through the peak shifts. The Co-doped catalyst exhibited enhanced properties: BET surface area increased from 6.63 to 32.14&#xa0;m²/g, pore volume from 0.86 to 1.29&#xa0;cm³/g, and optical band gap narrowed from 2.82 to 2.61&#xa0;eV. Ciprofloxacin degradation improved from 53.65% to 100% in 70&#xa0;min, with a quantum efficiency of 1.85 × 10⁻⁶ molec/photon and a space-time yield of 9.24 × 10⁻⁸ molec/ph. Kinetic analysis showed first-order behaviour (k₁ = 0.02411&#xa0;min⁻¹, R² = 0.98864). The catalyst degraded Rhodamine B (82%), Methylene Blue (71.81%), tetracycline (66.82%), and sulfamethoxazole (42%) with hydroxyl radicals as the primary oxidisers, maintaining 91.66% efficiency after five cycles.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin Antibiotics Via Cobalt Doped SPINEL Ferrites Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization, and Mechanistic Insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月3日

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  • Fozia Aslam,
  • Taniya Aslam,
  • Fuad M. Alzahrani,
  • Md Nagib Mahfuz Sunny,
  • Muhammad Muntazir Mehdi,
  • Khalid J. Alzahrani,
  • Muhammad Yasar,
  • Anorgul I. Ashirova,
  • Mirjalol Ismoilov Ruziboy Ugli,
  • Yuling Feng

摘要

The widespread occurrence of pharmaceutical pollutants, particularly ciprofloxacin, in aquatic environments threatens ecosystem health and promotes bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Conventional wastewater treatments fail to meet the standards (< 0.1 µg/L), while TiO₂ photocatalysts show limited visible-light activity because of their wide band gaps (3.0-3.2 eV). In this study, Co-doped CoxSr0.7−xMn0.3Al0.4Fe1.6O4 (X = 0,0.2) spinel ferrites were synthesized, and X-ray diffraction confirmed a cubic spinel ferrite structure, with cobalt doping reducing the crystallite size (from 28.371 to 20.488 nm). FTIR spectroscopy revealed the incorporation of Co through the peak shifts. The Co-doped catalyst exhibited enhanced properties: BET surface area increased from 6.63 to 32.14 m²/g, pore volume from 0.86 to 1.29 cm³/g, and optical band gap narrowed from 2.82 to 2.61 eV. Ciprofloxacin degradation improved from 53.65% to 100% in 70 min, with a quantum efficiency of 1.85 × 10⁻⁶ molec/photon and a space-time yield of 9.24 × 10⁻⁸ molec/ph. Kinetic analysis showed first-order behaviour (k₁ = 0.02411 min⁻¹, R² = 0.98864). The catalyst degraded Rhodamine B (82%), Methylene Blue (71.81%), tetracycline (66.82%), and sulfamethoxazole (42%) with hydroxyl radicals as the primary oxidisers, maintaining 91.66% efficiency after five cycles.

Graphical Abstract