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<p>Pharmaceutical pollution, particularly contamination of aquatic environments, poses a significant global environmental challenge. This study introduces a novel photocatalytic approach for tetracycline removal using zinc-doped strontium magnesium aluminum ferrite (Zn<sub>x</sub>Sr<sub>0.7−x</sub>Mg<sub>0.3</sub>Al<sub>0.1</sub>Fe<sub>1.9</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, (x = 0, 0.3)) nanoparticles. We successfully engineered photocatalysts with enhanced structural and photocatalytic properties using a sophisticated sol–gel synthesis method. The zinc-doped material demonstrated remarkable improvements compared to its undoped counterpart. The key structural modifications included a reduced crystallite size (from 35.55&#xa0;nm to 27.55&#xa0;nm), significantly increased surface area (from 6.63 m<sup>2</sup>/g to 32.14 m<sup>2</sup>/g), and a narrowed bandgap (from 2.7&#xa0;eV to 2.4&#xa0;eV). These modifications directly translated into superior photocatalytic performance, with the tetracycline degradation efficiency increasing from 73.67 to 98.43%. Mechanistic investigations revealed the presence of hydroxyl radicals as the primary degradation mechanism, with first-order kinetics governing the reaction. The catalyst demonstrated exceptional stability, maintaining 93.45% degradation efficiency after five consecutive cycles. The quantum efficiency was improved by 34%, highlighting the potential of strategic metal doping for enhancing photocatalytic materials. This study provides a promising strategy for pharmaceutical pollution remediation and offers insights into advanced material design for environmental applications. Zinc-doped spinel ferrite represents a significant advancement in the development of efficient recyclable photocatalysts for water treatment.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic Effect of Zn Doping on the Structural, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties of Sol–Gel Derived Spinel Ferrite for Tetracycline Photodegradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月12日

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  • M. Hisham Al Nasir,
  • Muhammad Yasar,
  • Abdul Maajid Khokhar,
  • Kinza Fatima,
  • Muzaffar Abbas,
  • Mahrukh Ali,
  • Faiz Mahmood,
  • Khalid S. Almaary,
  • Tawaf Ali Shah,
  • Devendra Pratap Rao

摘要

Pharmaceutical pollution, particularly contamination of aquatic environments, poses a significant global environmental challenge. This study introduces a novel photocatalytic approach for tetracycline removal using zinc-doped strontium magnesium aluminum ferrite (ZnxSr0.7−xMg0.3Al0.1Fe1.9O4, (x = 0, 0.3)) nanoparticles. We successfully engineered photocatalysts with enhanced structural and photocatalytic properties using a sophisticated sol–gel synthesis method. The zinc-doped material demonstrated remarkable improvements compared to its undoped counterpart. The key structural modifications included a reduced crystallite size (from 35.55 nm to 27.55 nm), significantly increased surface area (from 6.63 m2/g to 32.14 m2/g), and a narrowed bandgap (from 2.7 eV to 2.4 eV). These modifications directly translated into superior photocatalytic performance, with the tetracycline degradation efficiency increasing from 73.67 to 98.43%. Mechanistic investigations revealed the presence of hydroxyl radicals as the primary degradation mechanism, with first-order kinetics governing the reaction. The catalyst demonstrated exceptional stability, maintaining 93.45% degradation efficiency after five consecutive cycles. The quantum efficiency was improved by 34%, highlighting the potential of strategic metal doping for enhancing photocatalytic materials. This study provides a promising strategy for pharmaceutical pollution remediation and offers insights into advanced material design for environmental applications. Zinc-doped spinel ferrite represents a significant advancement in the development of efficient recyclable photocatalysts for water treatment.

Graphical abstract