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Purpose <p>Breast cancer (BC) remains a major global health issue, influenced by modifiable factors like lifestyle and diet, and non-modifiable factors such as genetics. This study assesses their impact on BC among pre- and post-menopausal women in South India using a large, age-matched, population-based case–control design.</p> Methods <p>We analyzed epidemiological risk factors for BC overall and stratified by menopausal status. A total of 3,043 newly diagnosed BC cases from the Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, and age-matched controls from the general population of Kerala, recruited through face-to-face interviews (2017–2023). Odds-ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence-Interval (CI) were estimated using conditional-logistic regression model.</p> Results <p>Independent modifiable risk-factors for BC (OR;CI) among all women were frequent fried-food consumption (3.9;3.2–4.7), low vigorous-activity (2.7;2.2–3.4), low moderate-activity (2.4;1.8–3.3), more light-activity (2.2;1.8–2.6), high body-mass-index (1.5;1.1–1.8) and non-modifiable risk-factors were benign-breast-disease (4.9;3.4–7.2), prior-chest radiation (3.4;1.9–5.8), prior-pesticide exposure (2.5;1.4–4.2), family-history of BC (2.0;1.5–2.6) and family-history of other cancers (1.4;1.1–1.6), post-menopause women (1.4;1.02–1.9) and early menarche (1.3;1.03–1.7). In the stratified analyses, the independent factors among pre-menopausal women were fried-food consumption, physical inactivity, high body-mass-index, benign-breast-disease, prior-pesticide exposure, prior-chest radiation, and late first delivery were significant. Among post-menopausal women, the significant factors included fried food consumption, physical inactivity, higher waist-to-hip ratio, history of abortion, thyroid disease, benign-breast-disease, family-history of BC, family-history of other cancers, prior-pesticide exposure and prior-chest radiation.</p> Conclusions <p>Non-modifiable factors consistently influenced BC risk across groups, modifiable-factors were more critical among post-menopausal women. Targeted prevention strategies that promote physical activity, and weight management could significantly reduce the risk of breast cancer.</p>

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Unraveling breast cancer risk with a focus on menopausal status: a large case–control study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月27日

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  • Jini Sara Jacob,
  • Preethi Sara George,
  • Beela Sarah Mathew,
  • Rekha A. Nair,
  • Aleyamma Mathew

摘要

Purpose

Breast cancer (BC) remains a major global health issue, influenced by modifiable factors like lifestyle and diet, and non-modifiable factors such as genetics. This study assesses their impact on BC among pre- and post-menopausal women in South India using a large, age-matched, population-based case–control design.

Methods

We analyzed epidemiological risk factors for BC overall and stratified by menopausal status. A total of 3,043 newly diagnosed BC cases from the Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, and age-matched controls from the general population of Kerala, recruited through face-to-face interviews (2017–2023). Odds-ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence-Interval (CI) were estimated using conditional-logistic regression model.

Results

Independent modifiable risk-factors for BC (OR;CI) among all women were frequent fried-food consumption (3.9;3.2–4.7), low vigorous-activity (2.7;2.2–3.4), low moderate-activity (2.4;1.8–3.3), more light-activity (2.2;1.8–2.6), high body-mass-index (1.5;1.1–1.8) and non-modifiable risk-factors were benign-breast-disease (4.9;3.4–7.2), prior-chest radiation (3.4;1.9–5.8), prior-pesticide exposure (2.5;1.4–4.2), family-history of BC (2.0;1.5–2.6) and family-history of other cancers (1.4;1.1–1.6), post-menopause women (1.4;1.02–1.9) and early menarche (1.3;1.03–1.7). In the stratified analyses, the independent factors among pre-menopausal women were fried-food consumption, physical inactivity, high body-mass-index, benign-breast-disease, prior-pesticide exposure, prior-chest radiation, and late first delivery were significant. Among post-menopausal women, the significant factors included fried food consumption, physical inactivity, higher waist-to-hip ratio, history of abortion, thyroid disease, benign-breast-disease, family-history of BC, family-history of other cancers, prior-pesticide exposure and prior-chest radiation.

Conclusions

Non-modifiable factors consistently influenced BC risk across groups, modifiable-factors were more critical among post-menopausal women. Targeted prevention strategies that promote physical activity, and weight management could significantly reduce the risk of breast cancer.