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<p>Research and operational numerical weather prediction models rely on bulk-layer parameterization techniques - primarily, the Monin-Obukhov Similarity theory - to compute vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum within the atmospheric surface layer (ASL). In this way, the aerodynamic roughness length and consequently the turbulent drag over land is assumed to be an intrinsic property of the surface, ignoring characteristics of the overlying flow. Although recognized to be invalid near heterogeneous surfaces, to date, no suitable alternatives have been developed for ASL parameterization near coastal environments. In these regions, drastic spatial gradients in surface thermal and roughness properties drive cross-coastal flows, leading to phenomena that directly contradict bulk-flux assumptions. Here, we define a flow-dependent, local, inland coastal aerodynamic roughness length <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z_{0c}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for onshore flow conditions. Analysis of observations collected from a cross-shore array of inland flux towers anchored at the Monterey Bay, CA coastline from June to October 2021 during the Coastal Land-Air-Sea Interaction (CLASI) campaign reveals significant departures in <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z_{0c}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> from the expected homogeneous values for increasing wind speeds and inland fetches within 8 kilometers of the coast. These findings inform development of a physical framework describing a non-dimensional <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z_{0c}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as a function of the residence time of the inland flow, a reference height, and a representative homogeneous roughness length. We explore these relationships using large-eddy simulations of a coastal onshore flow scenario to achieve general understanding of the spatial variability in <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z_{0c}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Finally, we present a baseline empirical relationship for <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z_{0c}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> based on the CLASI dataset under near-neutral, onshore flow conditions.</p>

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A Simple Parameterization for the Inland Coastal Aerodynamic Roughness Length within Onshore Flows

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月12日

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  • James Hlywiak,
  • Jagmohan Singh,
  • Jesus Ruiz-Plancarte,
  • David D. Flagg,
  • Ryan Yamaguchi,
  • David G. Ortiz-Suslow,
  • James D. Doyle,
  • Qing Wang,
  • Xiaodong Hong,
  • Lian Shen

摘要

Research and operational numerical weather prediction models rely on bulk-layer parameterization techniques - primarily, the Monin-Obukhov Similarity theory - to compute vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum within the atmospheric surface layer (ASL). In this way, the aerodynamic roughness length and consequently the turbulent drag over land is assumed to be an intrinsic property of the surface, ignoring characteristics of the overlying flow. Although recognized to be invalid near heterogeneous surfaces, to date, no suitable alternatives have been developed for ASL parameterization near coastal environments. In these regions, drastic spatial gradients in surface thermal and roughness properties drive cross-coastal flows, leading to phenomena that directly contradict bulk-flux assumptions. Here, we define a flow-dependent, local, inland coastal aerodynamic roughness length \(Z_{0c}\) for onshore flow conditions. Analysis of observations collected from a cross-shore array of inland flux towers anchored at the Monterey Bay, CA coastline from June to October 2021 during the Coastal Land-Air-Sea Interaction (CLASI) campaign reveals significant departures in \(Z_{0c}\) from the expected homogeneous values for increasing wind speeds and inland fetches within 8 kilometers of the coast. These findings inform development of a physical framework describing a non-dimensional \(Z_{0c}\) as a function of the residence time of the inland flow, a reference height, and a representative homogeneous roughness length. We explore these relationships using large-eddy simulations of a coastal onshore flow scenario to achieve general understanding of the spatial variability in \(Z_{0c}\) . Finally, we present a baseline empirical relationship for \(Z_{0c}\) based on the CLASI dataset under near-neutral, onshore flow conditions.