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<p>Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient in various enzymatic and physiological functions. However, excessive copper intake, mainly resulting from industrial emissions and improper agricultural practices, has raised growing concerns due to its toxicological effects, particularly on the male reproductive system. This review summarizes current research progress on copper-induced reproductive toxicity in males, emphasizing its impact on sperm quality, androgen production, and testicular structure and function. The underlying molecular mechanisms are discussed in detail, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. In addition, emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antioxidant treatments and copper chelators, are evaluated for their potential to mitigate these toxic effects. A comprehensive understanding of copper-induced male reproductive toxicity may offer new insights into the prevention and management of metal-related infertility.</p>

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Excess copper exposure and male reproductive toxicity: molecular mechanisms and potential interventions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月7日

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  • Zimo Zhou,
  • Beiyao Wang,
  • Huidan Deng,
  • Yanqiu Zhu,
  • Hongrui Guo

摘要

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient in various enzymatic and physiological functions. However, excessive copper intake, mainly resulting from industrial emissions and improper agricultural practices, has raised growing concerns due to its toxicological effects, particularly on the male reproductive system. This review summarizes current research progress on copper-induced reproductive toxicity in males, emphasizing its impact on sperm quality, androgen production, and testicular structure and function. The underlying molecular mechanisms are discussed in detail, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. In addition, emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antioxidant treatments and copper chelators, are evaluated for their potential to mitigate these toxic effects. A comprehensive understanding of copper-induced male reproductive toxicity may offer new insights into the prevention and management of metal-related infertility.