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<p>Coastal monitoring programs typically rely on fixed interval sampling, which can miss short-term biogeochemical variability. Recent developments in sensor-based technologies enable high-frequency nutrient measurements, offering promising opportunities for data collection. In this study, we deployed an automated sensor measuring nitrate + nitrite (NO<sub>3</sub>⁻ + NO<sub>2</sub>⁻) and nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub>⁻) in a shallow temperate estuary (Roskilde Fjord, Denmark). Our results show that: (1) the sensor effectively captured short-term nutrient fluctuations; (2) sampling time influenced data representativeness, with certain periods of the day better reflecting daily averages; (3) optimal sampling intervals should account for site-specific variability and sampling objectives; (4) sensor based measurements revealed larger natural variability in biogeochemical variables compared to low frequency sampling programs; and (5) short-term variability in NO<sub>3</sub>⁻ + NO<sub>2</sub>⁻ and NO<sub>2</sub>⁻ concentrations were driven by changes in riverine input, sediment resuspension and biological activity. Although conducted at a single site, the approach and insights&#xa0;presented&#xa0;here are broadly applicable to other shallow coastal environments and to studies seeking to identify the drivers of short-term variability in coastal biogeochemistry.</p>

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Using automated sensors to unravel short-term nitrogen dynamics in coastal waters

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Christian Lønborg,
  • Peter A. U. Stæhr,
  • Cátia Carreira

摘要

Coastal monitoring programs typically rely on fixed interval sampling, which can miss short-term biogeochemical variability. Recent developments in sensor-based technologies enable high-frequency nutrient measurements, offering promising opportunities for data collection. In this study, we deployed an automated sensor measuring nitrate + nitrite (NO3⁻ + NO2⁻) and nitrite (NO2⁻) in a shallow temperate estuary (Roskilde Fjord, Denmark). Our results show that: (1) the sensor effectively captured short-term nutrient fluctuations; (2) sampling time influenced data representativeness, with certain periods of the day better reflecting daily averages; (3) optimal sampling intervals should account for site-specific variability and sampling objectives; (4) sensor based measurements revealed larger natural variability in biogeochemical variables compared to low frequency sampling programs; and (5) short-term variability in NO3⁻ + NO2⁻ and NO2⁻ concentrations were driven by changes in riverine input, sediment resuspension and biological activity. Although conducted at a single site, the approach and insights presented here are broadly applicable to other shallow coastal environments and to studies seeking to identify the drivers of short-term variability in coastal biogeochemistry.