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<p>Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is limited by slow granulation and structural instability. To overcome the shortcomings of existing carrier materials (e.g., activated carbon, sponge) regarding poor biocompatibility, inadequate pore connectivity, and surface chemical inertness, this study proposes a rapid AGS construction strategy based on a novel L-carrier (a renewable polymer material modified by alkali‑ultrasonic treatment to obtain hydrophilic, hierarchical porous, and high surface charge properties). Using sequencing batch reactors, the effects of the L-carrier on granulation progress, structural stability, and pollutant removal performance were systematically evaluated. Results showed that the L-carrier shortened the maturation time of the pre-formed composite granules to 5&#xa0;days (defined as the time required to achieve stable granule morphology, settling velocity &gt; 70&#xa0;m&#xa0;h<sup>−1</sup>,and TN removal rate increases), representing an 80% reduction compared to conventional self-aggregation. The obtained AGS exhibited a density of 1.062&#xa0;g·(cm<sup>3</sup>)<sup>−1</sup>, structural integrity &gt; 0.95, and an average settling velocity of 70.9–74.2&#xa0;m&#xa0;h<sup>−1</sup>, which are significantly superior to reported activated-carbon-assisted AGS (settling velocity 55–65&#xa0;m&#xa0;h<sup>−1</sup>) and sponge-carrier systems (integrity ≤ 0.85). COD removal exceeded 90%, and total nitrogen removal reached 70–85%, which is significantly higher than typical values reported for conventional self-aggregated AGS (TN removal 50–70%) and sponge-carrier systems (55–70%), representing a 10–15% point improvement over similar carrier-assisted systems. High-throughput microbial analysis revealed that the L-carrier surface selectively enriched genera such as Thauera, Thermomonas, and Pseudoxanthomonas (total abundance &gt; 25%), and their EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) production (especially polysaccharides in tightly bound EPS) was 2.3 times higher than that of carrier‑free systems. In summary, the L‑carrier not only serves as a physical scaffold but also enhances granule structural integrity and functional performance by modulating the interfacial micro‑ecology, providing a new approach for engineering application of AGS.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Performance and wastewater treatment efficiency of artificially prepared aerobic granular sludge

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Xuanzhe Yan,
  • Jinlong Wang,
  • Kailong Liu,
  • Hao Wu,
  • Wei He,
  • Yongmei Zhang,
  • Linlin Tong,
  • Su Li,
  • Zhaoyang You

摘要

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is limited by slow granulation and structural instability. To overcome the shortcomings of existing carrier materials (e.g., activated carbon, sponge) regarding poor biocompatibility, inadequate pore connectivity, and surface chemical inertness, this study proposes a rapid AGS construction strategy based on a novel L-carrier (a renewable polymer material modified by alkali‑ultrasonic treatment to obtain hydrophilic, hierarchical porous, and high surface charge properties). Using sequencing batch reactors, the effects of the L-carrier on granulation progress, structural stability, and pollutant removal performance were systematically evaluated. Results showed that the L-carrier shortened the maturation time of the pre-formed composite granules to 5 days (defined as the time required to achieve stable granule morphology, settling velocity > 70 m h−1,and TN removal rate increases), representing an 80% reduction compared to conventional self-aggregation. The obtained AGS exhibited a density of 1.062 g·(cm3)−1, structural integrity > 0.95, and an average settling velocity of 70.9–74.2 m h−1, which are significantly superior to reported activated-carbon-assisted AGS (settling velocity 55–65 m h−1) and sponge-carrier systems (integrity ≤ 0.85). COD removal exceeded 90%, and total nitrogen removal reached 70–85%, which is significantly higher than typical values reported for conventional self-aggregated AGS (TN removal 50–70%) and sponge-carrier systems (55–70%), representing a 10–15% point improvement over similar carrier-assisted systems. High-throughput microbial analysis revealed that the L-carrier surface selectively enriched genera such as Thauera, Thermomonas, and Pseudoxanthomonas (total abundance > 25%), and their EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) production (especially polysaccharides in tightly bound EPS) was 2.3 times higher than that of carrier‑free systems. In summary, the L‑carrier not only serves as a physical scaffold but also enhances granule structural integrity and functional performance by modulating the interfacial micro‑ecology, providing a new approach for engineering application of AGS.

Graphical abstract