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<p>Water pollution caused by industrial waste poses a severe threat to ecosystems and living organisms due to harmful contaminants such as dyes, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals. Among the various approaches to dye removal, adsorption stands out as a highly effective method due to its affordability, simplicity, and environmental friendliness. This study synthesizes and applies Biosynthesized ZrO<sub>2</sub> Biochar Nanocomposites (ZrO<sub>2</sub> NCs) as an efficient adsorbent for removing the reactive orange 16 dye from wastewater. Key operational parameters such as pH, the amount of adsorbent, the contact time between the dye and adsorbent, and the initial dye concentration were optimized for improved removal efficiency. At a pH of 4, with 0.25&#xa0;g of the ZrO<sub>2</sub> NCs and a dye concentration of 10&#xa0;ppm over 480&#xa0;min, the maximum dye removal achieved was 92.9%. To ensure the treated wastewater was safer, toxicity assessments were also conducted. The <i>Allium Cepa</i> test, Brine shrimp lethality test, and hemolytic assay showed significant reductions in toxicity after treatment, with 70.83, 77.72, and 86.82% decreases, respectively. Furthermore, the Ames test, a widely used method for evaluating mutagenicity, showed reductions of 71.41% and 74.42% in mutagenicity for TA98 and TA100 bacterial strains, respectively, after treatment with the nanocomposite. Advanced analytical techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and XRD, were employed to characterize the structural and chemical properties of the nanocomposites, confirming their suitability for dye adsorption. The kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process aligned with a pseudo-second-order model, while the equilibrium data conformed to the Freundlich isotherm, suggesting multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed the spontaneous (ΔG° &lt; 0), endothermic (ΔH° &gt; 0), and entropy-driven (ΔS° &gt; 0) nature of the adsorption process, with ΔH° values indicating physisorption as the dominant mechanism. Overall, the ZrO<sub>2</sub> NCs demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in removing reactive orange 16 dye from wastewater. Its high efficiency, low toxicity, affordability, and eco-friendliness make it a promising green solution for addressing industrial wastewater pollution.</p>

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Harnessing novel biosynthesized ZrO₂ biochar nanocomposites for reactive orange 16 dye adsorption: kinetic modeling and cytotoxicity insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月29日

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  • Mubashara Fayyaz,
  • Mohamed A. Habib,
  • Syed Kashif Ali,
  • Saif Ullah,
  • Muhammad Imran Kanjal,
  • Tahreem Saleem,
  • Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain,
  • Ahmed B. M. Ibrahim

摘要

Water pollution caused by industrial waste poses a severe threat to ecosystems and living organisms due to harmful contaminants such as dyes, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals. Among the various approaches to dye removal, adsorption stands out as a highly effective method due to its affordability, simplicity, and environmental friendliness. This study synthesizes and applies Biosynthesized ZrO2 Biochar Nanocomposites (ZrO2 NCs) as an efficient adsorbent for removing the reactive orange 16 dye from wastewater. Key operational parameters such as pH, the amount of adsorbent, the contact time between the dye and adsorbent, and the initial dye concentration were optimized for improved removal efficiency. At a pH of 4, with 0.25 g of the ZrO2 NCs and a dye concentration of 10 ppm over 480 min, the maximum dye removal achieved was 92.9%. To ensure the treated wastewater was safer, toxicity assessments were also conducted. The Allium Cepa test, Brine shrimp lethality test, and hemolytic assay showed significant reductions in toxicity after treatment, with 70.83, 77.72, and 86.82% decreases, respectively. Furthermore, the Ames test, a widely used method for evaluating mutagenicity, showed reductions of 71.41% and 74.42% in mutagenicity for TA98 and TA100 bacterial strains, respectively, after treatment with the nanocomposite. Advanced analytical techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and XRD, were employed to characterize the structural and chemical properties of the nanocomposites, confirming their suitability for dye adsorption. The kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process aligned with a pseudo-second-order model, while the equilibrium data conformed to the Freundlich isotherm, suggesting multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed the spontaneous (ΔG° < 0), endothermic (ΔH° > 0), and entropy-driven (ΔS° > 0) nature of the adsorption process, with ΔH° values indicating physisorption as the dominant mechanism. Overall, the ZrO2 NCs demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in removing reactive orange 16 dye from wastewater. Its high efficiency, low toxicity, affordability, and eco-friendliness make it a promising green solution for addressing industrial wastewater pollution.