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<p>A dominant conservation strategy to safeguard the natural environment and biodiversity is the creation of protected areas (PAs) at international, regional, and national scales. To date, such PAs have been static in design which raises questions about their future resilience and relevance in the context of climate change (CC), as suitable climatic and habitat conditions likely shift, as do species distributions in response. We conducted a systematic review of recent peer-reviewed literature to examine PA impacts on biodiversity in the context of reported and projected CC impacts. We identified and synthesised 129 relevant studies focused on changes to populations and communities of native and non-native species in Europe, as well as factors affecting PA effectiveness. Through narrative synthesis, we conclude that whilst PAs have promoted persistence and colonisation under recent changes in climatic conditions, the ability of current PAs to continue to effectively act as refugia as CC progresses is less certain. Spatial variation partially drives this degree of uncertainty and the difficulty in generating a Europe-wide consensus on PA effectiveness. Overall, PAs were generally predicted to be more effective at mitigating CC impacts for species which were common or generalists, had large geographic ranges or southern-distributions, or higher dispersal ability. Based on identified limitations, key recommendations are to include a broader range of taxonomic groups and to incorporate factors such as land-use change and species-specific dispersal into studies of projected CC impacts, as well as additional studies within the marine environment.</p>

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Recent evidence on the effectiveness of European protected areas for species conservation in the face of climate change

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月22日

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  • Leah A. Kelly,
  • Fiona Burns,
  • Simone Mordue,
  • Simon R. Wotton,
  • Meriel Harrison,
  • Kate Jennings,
  • Richard D. Gregory

摘要

A dominant conservation strategy to safeguard the natural environment and biodiversity is the creation of protected areas (PAs) at international, regional, and national scales. To date, such PAs have been static in design which raises questions about their future resilience and relevance in the context of climate change (CC), as suitable climatic and habitat conditions likely shift, as do species distributions in response. We conducted a systematic review of recent peer-reviewed literature to examine PA impacts on biodiversity in the context of reported and projected CC impacts. We identified and synthesised 129 relevant studies focused on changes to populations and communities of native and non-native species in Europe, as well as factors affecting PA effectiveness. Through narrative synthesis, we conclude that whilst PAs have promoted persistence and colonisation under recent changes in climatic conditions, the ability of current PAs to continue to effectively act as refugia as CC progresses is less certain. Spatial variation partially drives this degree of uncertainty and the difficulty in generating a Europe-wide consensus on PA effectiveness. Overall, PAs were generally predicted to be more effective at mitigating CC impacts for species which were common or generalists, had large geographic ranges or southern-distributions, or higher dispersal ability. Based on identified limitations, key recommendations are to include a broader range of taxonomic groups and to incorporate factors such as land-use change and species-specific dispersal into studies of projected CC impacts, as well as additional studies within the marine environment.