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<p>Exploring the mechanisms that influence large-scale species richness patterns is a fundamental question in the fields of ecology and biogeography. <i>Pinus</i>, the largest coniferous tree genus, has a long evolutionary history. However, there is still a lack of clarity regarding how complex environmental conditions and human factors interact to affect the distribution pattern of <i>Pinus</i> species richness. This study integrated 3406 distribution records of 30 taxa of <i>Pinus</i> species in China, to explore the species richness distribution pattern and identify diversity hotspots. Structural equation models were utilized to incorporate multiple drivers, including climate, soil conditions, and human impacts to explore the drivers of species richness patterns. The results demonstrate that <i>Pinus</i> species richness is notably high in middle to low latitudes. Furthermore, the latitudinal distribution width of these species confirms to Rapoport’s law. In addition, historical climate change was the strongest driver of <i>Pinus</i> species richness patterns, while habitat heterogeneity and soil texture had the greatest impact on richness patterns of wide-ranged and narrow-ranged species, respectively. Our study also identified the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Hengduan Mountains in Southwest China as the centers for <i>Pinus</i> species richness. Over 50% of <i>Pinus</i> species are located in highly disturbed regions, with 23.33% of hotspot grids located outside existing nature reserves. These areas are currently experiencing strong human activity pressures and significant future climate change threats. The findings emphasize the urgent need to strengthen the protection and restoration efforts in ecological hotspots for <i>Pinus</i> species to prevent substantial biodiversity losses in the future.</p>

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Historical climate change drives species richness patterns of Pinus L. in China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月7日

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  • Junjie Yue,
  • Huayong Zhang,
  • Lei Zhao,
  • Zhongyu Wang,
  • Hengchao Zou,
  • Zhao Liu

摘要

Exploring the mechanisms that influence large-scale species richness patterns is a fundamental question in the fields of ecology and biogeography. Pinus, the largest coniferous tree genus, has a long evolutionary history. However, there is still a lack of clarity regarding how complex environmental conditions and human factors interact to affect the distribution pattern of Pinus species richness. This study integrated 3406 distribution records of 30 taxa of Pinus species in China, to explore the species richness distribution pattern and identify diversity hotspots. Structural equation models were utilized to incorporate multiple drivers, including climate, soil conditions, and human impacts to explore the drivers of species richness patterns. The results demonstrate that Pinus species richness is notably high in middle to low latitudes. Furthermore, the latitudinal distribution width of these species confirms to Rapoport’s law. In addition, historical climate change was the strongest driver of Pinus species richness patterns, while habitat heterogeneity and soil texture had the greatest impact on richness patterns of wide-ranged and narrow-ranged species, respectively. Our study also identified the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Hengduan Mountains in Southwest China as the centers for Pinus species richness. Over 50% of Pinus species are located in highly disturbed regions, with 23.33% of hotspot grids located outside existing nature reserves. These areas are currently experiencing strong human activity pressures and significant future climate change threats. The findings emphasize the urgent need to strengthen the protection and restoration efforts in ecological hotspots for Pinus species to prevent substantial biodiversity losses in the future.