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<p>Numerous evaluations of the economic value of fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, and carbon sequestration have been conducted for shallow reefs. However, no quantitative evaluations of the ecosystem services provided by mesophotic reefs as a whole or that only consider provisioning, regulating, supporting, or cultural services have been conducted. We used a remotely operated vehicle to describe the composition, community structure, and ecosystem services provided by reef fishes of Isla Espiritu Santo in three depth strata (“shallow” [13–22&#xa0;m], “intermediate” [23–40&#xa0;m], and “deep” [41–70&#xa0;m]) defined by temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, percentage of incident light, and primary productivity. From 5-min videos (n = 189), we computed Hill numbers to describe fish community structure. We classified 12 ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, supporting, or cultural services) offered by fish. Species richness and abundance were higher in shallow reefs than deep reefs. Diversity, evenness, and average trophic level did not change, even when qualitative differences in species composition were present between zones (a higher number of herbivores [Pomacentridae and Acanthuridae] and planktivores in shallow and mesophotic reefs, respectively). Regulating and provisioning services were significantly lower in deep reefs, while cultural services were significantly higher in shallow reefs. Finally, similarities in species composition and the lack of differences in most ecological indices support the hypothesis that the deep reefs of Isla Espiritu Santo may function as refugia. However, species richness and the scores of ecosystem services were significantly different among depth strata. We propose that the mesophotic reefs in the study area serve, at least partially, as refugia for fish species.</p>

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Ecosystem services offered by fishes in shallow and mesophotic reefs of the southern Gulf of California

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月14日

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  • Héctor Reyes-Bonilla,
  • Giulia Morello,
  • Luis E. Calderon-Aguilera,
  • Manuel Velasco-Lozano,
  • Georgina Ramírez-Ortiz,
  • Erick Morales-MontesDeOca

摘要

Numerous evaluations of the economic value of fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, and carbon sequestration have been conducted for shallow reefs. However, no quantitative evaluations of the ecosystem services provided by mesophotic reefs as a whole or that only consider provisioning, regulating, supporting, or cultural services have been conducted. We used a remotely operated vehicle to describe the composition, community structure, and ecosystem services provided by reef fishes of Isla Espiritu Santo in three depth strata (“shallow” [13–22 m], “intermediate” [23–40 m], and “deep” [41–70 m]) defined by temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, percentage of incident light, and primary productivity. From 5-min videos (n = 189), we computed Hill numbers to describe fish community structure. We classified 12 ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, supporting, or cultural services) offered by fish. Species richness and abundance were higher in shallow reefs than deep reefs. Diversity, evenness, and average trophic level did not change, even when qualitative differences in species composition were present between zones (a higher number of herbivores [Pomacentridae and Acanthuridae] and planktivores in shallow and mesophotic reefs, respectively). Regulating and provisioning services were significantly lower in deep reefs, while cultural services were significantly higher in shallow reefs. Finally, similarities in species composition and the lack of differences in most ecological indices support the hypothesis that the deep reefs of Isla Espiritu Santo may function as refugia. However, species richness and the scores of ecosystem services were significantly different among depth strata. We propose that the mesophotic reefs in the study area serve, at least partially, as refugia for fish species.