<p>Aging involves progressive accumulation of molecular and cellular damage, leading to functional decline and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. Natural low-molecular-weight geroprotectors are substances of plant and food origin capable of modulating key mechanisms of aging. Based on current scientific data, sixteen fundamental mechanisms of aging are analyzed, and compounds from food that demonstrate potential in slowing age-related changes are presented. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of action of these substances at the molecular and cellular levels, as well as their availability in common food products. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interaction between natural nutrients and fundamental aging processes and opens perspectives for developing dietary strategies for healthy longevity.</p>