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<p>Processing speed (PS), the rate at which an individual can perform basic cognitive tasks, and executive functions (EFs), cognitive abilities regulating thoughts and action, are key cognitive abilities related to important life outcomes. We investigated the relationship between PS and multiple EFs (a common factor and two factors specific to updating working memory and shifting mental sets) across adolescence (<i>M</i> age = 17.26 years, <i>SD</i> = 0.68) and established adulthood (<i>M</i> age 29.34 years, <i>SD</i> = 1.29). 797 individual twins (MZ = 428, DZ = 369) in the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Study completed 3 PS tasks and 6–9 EF tasks. PS<sub>age16</sub> correlated strongly with PS<sub>age29</sub> (<i>r</i> = .90) and Common EF (cEF) at age 17 (<i>r</i> = .70). Furthermore, cEF and Updating-Specific factors in late adolescence predicted new variance in PS<sub>age29</sub> (<i>r</i>s = 0.13 to 0.16), but PS<sub>age16</sub> did not predict new variance in cEF in established adulthood. PS and cEF were highly heritable at both ages (a<sup>2</sup> &gt; = 0.74) and genetically correlated at both time points (<i>r</i><sub><i>a</i></sub> = 0.70 to 0.73). PS was not significantly genetically correlated with the Updating- or Shifting-Specific factors in late adolescence, but was in established adulthood. Results indicate that PS and EFs are highly correlated yet distinct constructs. PS and EFs both demonstrate strong stability of genetic/environmental influences across nearly 15 years from late adolescence into established adulthood. It will be important for future developmental studies to understand why specific EF factors predict future variance in PS, but not the reverse.</p>

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Genetic and Environmental Associations Between Processing Speed and Executive Functions Across Adolescence and Established Adulthood

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Mohini A. Karhadkar,
  • Naomi P. Friedman,
  • Chandra A. Reynolds,
  • Robin P. Corley,
  • Daniel E. Gustavson

摘要

Processing speed (PS), the rate at which an individual can perform basic cognitive tasks, and executive functions (EFs), cognitive abilities regulating thoughts and action, are key cognitive abilities related to important life outcomes. We investigated the relationship between PS and multiple EFs (a common factor and two factors specific to updating working memory and shifting mental sets) across adolescence (M age = 17.26 years, SD = 0.68) and established adulthood (M age 29.34 years, SD = 1.29). 797 individual twins (MZ = 428, DZ = 369) in the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Study completed 3 PS tasks and 6–9 EF tasks. PSage16 correlated strongly with PSage29 (r = .90) and Common EF (cEF) at age 17 (r = .70). Furthermore, cEF and Updating-Specific factors in late adolescence predicted new variance in PSage29 (rs = 0.13 to 0.16), but PSage16 did not predict new variance in cEF in established adulthood. PS and cEF were highly heritable at both ages (a2 > = 0.74) and genetically correlated at both time points (ra = 0.70 to 0.73). PS was not significantly genetically correlated with the Updating- or Shifting-Specific factors in late adolescence, but was in established adulthood. Results indicate that PS and EFs are highly correlated yet distinct constructs. PS and EFs both demonstrate strong stability of genetic/environmental influences across nearly 15 years from late adolescence into established adulthood. It will be important for future developmental studies to understand why specific EF factors predict future variance in PS, but not the reverse.