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<p>Tetraploid oysters are most useful for sustainable triploid production, yet genetic improvement of tetraploid broodstock faces critical challenges, including mortality, reduced growth, and chromosomal instability. This study systematically established six allotetraploid combinations through reciprocal crosses between three shell-color tetraploid lines of <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> (normal, golden, and black) and <i>C. angulata</i>, comprehensively evaluating their aquaculture performance across three cultivation environments in northern China over 1&#xa0;year. Allotetraploid hybrids exhibited pronounced stage-dependent heterosis, transitioning from negative values during early embryonic development to substantial advantages throughout the grow-out period. By day 360, hybrids demonstrated remarkable whole weight heterosis (24.76%–61.16%) and survival advantages of 6.84–22.74%, with GGAA (tetraploid <i>C. gigas</i>♀ × tetraploid <i>C. angulata</i>♂) crosses consistently outperforming AAGG (tetraploid <i>C. angulata</i>♀ × tetraploid <i>C. gigas</i>♂) crosses across all shell-color groups, revealing significant directional asymmetry. Most strikingly, all hybrid combinations maintained absolute ploidy stability (100% tetraploidy from day 120 to day 480), in contrast to the parental lines, which exhibited progressive ploidy degradation (80.00%–91.33% by day 480). Comprehensive thermal stress experiments demonstrated that hybrids achieved median lethal temperatures (40.51–42.31&#xa0;°C) approaching the thermotolerant tetraploid <i>C. angulata</i> parent while exceeding tetraploid <i>C. gigas</i> (39.64–40.19&#xa0;°C) by 0.32–2.67&#xa0;°C, with GGAA crosses showing superior recovery capacity and smaller tolerance declines across reproductive stages. Machine learning analysis identified genetic complexity-environment interactions as the dominant drivers of growth variation, with interaction effects intensifying over time and accounting for the highest feature importance. These results establish a robust breeding framework for developing climate-resilient, superior tetraploid broodstock, providing essential genetic resources to advance sustainable oyster aquaculture in the face of accelerating environmental change and to support the global shellfish industry.</p>

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Establishment and comprehensive performance evaluation of auto- and allo-tetraploids derived from Crassostrea gigas and C. angulata

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Xianchao Bai,
  • Yuanxin Liang,
  • Geng Cheng,
  • Jianmin Zhou,
  • Rui Xu,
  • Qi Li

摘要

Tetraploid oysters are most useful for sustainable triploid production, yet genetic improvement of tetraploid broodstock faces critical challenges, including mortality, reduced growth, and chromosomal instability. This study systematically established six allotetraploid combinations through reciprocal crosses between three shell-color tetraploid lines of Crassostrea gigas (normal, golden, and black) and C. angulata, comprehensively evaluating their aquaculture performance across three cultivation environments in northern China over 1 year. Allotetraploid hybrids exhibited pronounced stage-dependent heterosis, transitioning from negative values during early embryonic development to substantial advantages throughout the grow-out period. By day 360, hybrids demonstrated remarkable whole weight heterosis (24.76%–61.16%) and survival advantages of 6.84–22.74%, with GGAA (tetraploid C. gigas♀ × tetraploid C. angulata♂) crosses consistently outperforming AAGG (tetraploid C. angulata♀ × tetraploid C. gigas♂) crosses across all shell-color groups, revealing significant directional asymmetry. Most strikingly, all hybrid combinations maintained absolute ploidy stability (100% tetraploidy from day 120 to day 480), in contrast to the parental lines, which exhibited progressive ploidy degradation (80.00%–91.33% by day 480). Comprehensive thermal stress experiments demonstrated that hybrids achieved median lethal temperatures (40.51–42.31 °C) approaching the thermotolerant tetraploid C. angulata parent while exceeding tetraploid C. gigas (39.64–40.19 °C) by 0.32–2.67 °C, with GGAA crosses showing superior recovery capacity and smaller tolerance declines across reproductive stages. Machine learning analysis identified genetic complexity-environment interactions as the dominant drivers of growth variation, with interaction effects intensifying over time and accounting for the highest feature importance. These results establish a robust breeding framework for developing climate-resilient, superior tetraploid broodstock, providing essential genetic resources to advance sustainable oyster aquaculture in the face of accelerating environmental change and to support the global shellfish industry.