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<p>Coconut testa is an abundant agro-industrial byproduct with potential as a functional aquafeed input. This study produced coconut testa lipid–mineral–organic (LMO) supplements by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using <i>Neurospora sitophila</i> alone or staged with <i>Rhizopus oryzae</i> and/or <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, with selenium fortification (20 mg Na2SeO3/kg dry substrate). Fermented solids were fractionated into a lipid fraction (LF) and an organic–mineral concentrate (OMC), then recombined (LF:OMC = 9:1, w/w) to generate standardized reconstituted extracts (RE). RE yields were 152–166 g/kg DM, with 55.3–56.6% lipid and 39–44 mg Se/kg DM; lauric acid accounted for 25.5–29.6% of identified fatty acids. In a 12-week feeding trial, 180 juvenile Nile tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>; ~ 10 g) were randomly assigned to six diets (<i>n</i> = 3 tanks per diet; 10 fish per tank): a basal diet (T1), the basal diet top-coated with 2% RE (T2–T5), or a higher-protein reference diet (T6). Relative to T1, RE supplementation increased final body weight (40.42 to 49.90 g) and improved feed conversion ratio (1.52 to 1.33) (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), with NRS-derived RE (T5) showing the strongest response. Fillet yield remained unchanged (31.59–34.74%; <i>P</i> &gt; 0.05), whereas fillet weight increased (13.68 to 16.33 g) and fillet selenium increased from 0.34 to 0.52 mg/kg without material changes in moisture or protein. Overall, staged fungal–yeast SSF provides a controllable route to tailor coconut testa LMO composition and improve growth, edible fillet mass, and selenium deposition in tilapia.</p>

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Staged solid-state fermentation of coconut testa with tunable microbial inoculation sequences produces functional reconstituted extracts that improve feed efficiency and selenium enrichment in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Kiki Haetami,
  • Ayi Yustiati,
  • Abun Abun,
  • Munir Alinu Mulki

摘要

Coconut testa is an abundant agro-industrial byproduct with potential as a functional aquafeed input. This study produced coconut testa lipid–mineral–organic (LMO) supplements by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Neurospora sitophila alone or staged with Rhizopus oryzae and/or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with selenium fortification (20 mg Na2SeO3/kg dry substrate). Fermented solids were fractionated into a lipid fraction (LF) and an organic–mineral concentrate (OMC), then recombined (LF:OMC = 9:1, w/w) to generate standardized reconstituted extracts (RE). RE yields were 152–166 g/kg DM, with 55.3–56.6% lipid and 39–44 mg Se/kg DM; lauric acid accounted for 25.5–29.6% of identified fatty acids. In a 12-week feeding trial, 180 juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; ~ 10 g) were randomly assigned to six diets (n = 3 tanks per diet; 10 fish per tank): a basal diet (T1), the basal diet top-coated with 2% RE (T2–T5), or a higher-protein reference diet (T6). Relative to T1, RE supplementation increased final body weight (40.42 to 49.90 g) and improved feed conversion ratio (1.52 to 1.33) (P < 0.05), with NRS-derived RE (T5) showing the strongest response. Fillet yield remained unchanged (31.59–34.74%; P > 0.05), whereas fillet weight increased (13.68 to 16.33 g) and fillet selenium increased from 0.34 to 0.52 mg/kg without material changes in moisture or protein. Overall, staged fungal–yeast SSF provides a controllable route to tailor coconut testa LMO composition and improve growth, edible fillet mass, and selenium deposition in tilapia.