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<p>Accumulation of organic matter (TOC), ammonia (NH₃), and hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) is a major concern in pond-based aquaculture systems, particularly in earthen ponds. These deteriorate pond bottom quality, impair fish productivity, and increase mortality, leading to economic losses. This pilot-scale field validation study evaluated the application of an eco-friendly and cost-effective immobilized microbial consortia (IMC) for sustainable seed production of <i>Etroplus suratensis</i> using an ecosystem-based approach&#xa0;to aquaculture (EAA). The experiment was conducted under practical aquaculture conditions in two earthen ponds: one untreated control pond and one IMC-treated pond. The IMC, applied at 2&#xa0;kg per acre, comprised a three-tier microbial formulation: <i>Bacillus cereus</i> MCCB101 for organic matter degradation and sediment redox potential (E<i>h</i>) enhancement; a nitrifying bacterial consortium (NBC) for nitrification; and <i>Rhodopseudomonas julia</i> MCCB147 (PSB) for H₂S mitigation. The strains MCCB101 (1.65 × 10<sup>12</sup>&#xa0;CFU&#xa0;mL⁻<sup>1</sup>), NBC (4.2 × 10⁷ CFU mL⁻<sup>1</sup>), and PSB (4.6 × 10⁷ CFU mL⁻<sup>1</sup>) were immobilized on silica powder at a 1:1 (v/w) ratio. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed effective microbial attachment on the carrier matrix. IMC application significantly improved water and sediment quality (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with notable reductions in NH₃, NO₂⁻, H₂S, TOC, and SOD. Concurrently, DO, E<i>h</i>, phytoplankton abundance, and seed production of <i>E. suratensis</i> increased significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified pH (water and sediment), NH₃, E<i>h</i>, SOD, H₂S, TOC, phosphate, DO, and phytoplankton abundance as key variables influencing seed production. Higher levels of SOD, H₂S, NH₃, NO₂⁻, and lower DO were negatively correlated with seed survival and yield. Seed production (8,000 fingerlings) and survival of <i>E.suratensis</i> were significantly higher in the IMC-treated pond than in the untreated control pond (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). The total estimated cost of the experiment was Rs. 44,650/- (~ USD 528) for the control pond and Rs. 52,000/- (~ USD 617) for the IMC-treated pond. Despite the slightly higher investment, the IMC-treated pond generated substantially greater economic returns (Rs. 160,000/-; ~ USD 1,892) from 8,000 fingerlings, compared with only Rs. 4,500/- (~ USD 52.8) from 225 fingerlings in the control pond. Overall, the study demonstrates that IMC is an effective and sustainable biotechnological intervention to restore pond ecosystem health, enhance seed productivity, and improve economic viability in aquaculture, particularly for <i>E. suratensis</i> seed production.</p>

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Application of bioaugmentors as Immobilized Microbial Consortia (IMC) for sustainable seed production of Etroplus suratensis in semi-intensive brackish-water earthen ponds under an Ecosystem-based Approach to Aquaculture (EAA): A pilot-scale field validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Suresh Kunjiraman,
  • Akshay P.S,
  • Keerthana P.V,
  • Riya George,
  • Ammu Thomas,
  • Lakshmi Gopakumar,
  • Manomi Sarasan,
  • I. S. Bright Singh,
  • Jayesh Puthumana

摘要

Accumulation of organic matter (TOC), ammonia (NH₃), and hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) is a major concern in pond-based aquaculture systems, particularly in earthen ponds. These deteriorate pond bottom quality, impair fish productivity, and increase mortality, leading to economic losses. This pilot-scale field validation study evaluated the application of an eco-friendly and cost-effective immobilized microbial consortia (IMC) for sustainable seed production of Etroplus suratensis using an ecosystem-based approach to aquaculture (EAA). The experiment was conducted under practical aquaculture conditions in two earthen ponds: one untreated control pond and one IMC-treated pond. The IMC, applied at 2 kg per acre, comprised a three-tier microbial formulation: Bacillus cereus MCCB101 for organic matter degradation and sediment redox potential (Eh) enhancement; a nitrifying bacterial consortium (NBC) for nitrification; and Rhodopseudomonas julia MCCB147 (PSB) for H₂S mitigation. The strains MCCB101 (1.65 × 1012 CFU mL⁻1), NBC (4.2 × 10⁷ CFU mL⁻1), and PSB (4.6 × 10⁷ CFU mL⁻1) were immobilized on silica powder at a 1:1 (v/w) ratio. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed effective microbial attachment on the carrier matrix. IMC application significantly improved water and sediment quality (p < 0.05), with notable reductions in NH₃, NO₂⁻, H₂S, TOC, and SOD. Concurrently, DO, Eh, phytoplankton abundance, and seed production of E. suratensis increased significantly (p < 0.05). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified pH (water and sediment), NH₃, Eh, SOD, H₂S, TOC, phosphate, DO, and phytoplankton abundance as key variables influencing seed production. Higher levels of SOD, H₂S, NH₃, NO₂⁻, and lower DO were negatively correlated with seed survival and yield. Seed production (8,000 fingerlings) and survival of E.suratensis were significantly higher in the IMC-treated pond than in the untreated control pond (p ≤ 0.05). The total estimated cost of the experiment was Rs. 44,650/- (~ USD 528) for the control pond and Rs. 52,000/- (~ USD 617) for the IMC-treated pond. Despite the slightly higher investment, the IMC-treated pond generated substantially greater economic returns (Rs. 160,000/-; ~ USD 1,892) from 8,000 fingerlings, compared with only Rs. 4,500/- (~ USD 52.8) from 225 fingerlings in the control pond. Overall, the study demonstrates that IMC is an effective and sustainable biotechnological intervention to restore pond ecosystem health, enhance seed productivity, and improve economic viability in aquaculture, particularly for E. suratensis seed production.