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<p>Determining species-specific stocking densities is critical for optimizing welfare and productivity in eco-friendly and economically sustainable biofloc technology (BFT). This 120-day study evaluated the growth, health, and economic viability of Asian stinging catfish (<i>Heteropneustes fossilis</i>) across six treatments: a non-biofloc control (SD50C1), a biofloc control (SD50C2), and four BFT densities (60, 70, 80, and 90 fish m<sup>−3</sup>). A C:N ratio of 15:1 was maintained using jaggery. Biofloc treatments significantly outperformed the non-biofloc control. Water quality, microbial composition, and bacterial abundance characterized by dominant <i>Bacillariophyceae</i>, protozoa as well as <i>Aeromonas</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i> in water and biofloc, and <i>Actinobacter</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> in the gut showed peak optimization at SD70. Despite treatment-wise fluctuations, all water quality parameters remained within optimal limits for <i>H. fossilis</i>, ensuring a stable environment for growth, nutrient utilization, and physiological changes. Overall, water and biofloc quality and fish performance were better in SD50C2 than SD50C1. Growth metrics (SGR, FCR, PER), digestive and metabolic enzymes activities, hematological profiles, and antioxidant responses were significantly (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) enhanced and lipid profile improved up to SD70, with SD60–SD80 showing comparable results. Molecular analysis revealed highly upregulated hepatic expression of SOD2 and IGF-1 in SD60–SD80, particularly at SD70. Histomorphological assessments confirmed well-developed gill lamellae, intact intestinal villi, and healthy liver architecture in these treatments. Economically, higher operational costs at increased densities were offset by greater gross income, yielding the highest benefit–cost ratio and profit margins at SD70–SD80. While the study suggested a suitable stocking range of 60–80 fish m<sup>−3</sup>, a density of 70 fish m<sup>−3</sup> may be recommended as the optimum to ensure superior growth, physiological health, and maximal profitability for <i>H. fossilis</i> in biofloc systems.</p>

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Density-dependent growth, health, and bioeconomic performance of Asian stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) under biofloc culture

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Lavanya,
  • Amit Mandal,
  • Chanchal Singh,
  • Sasmita Barik,
  • Devendra Pathak

摘要

Determining species-specific stocking densities is critical for optimizing welfare and productivity in eco-friendly and economically sustainable biofloc technology (BFT). This 120-day study evaluated the growth, health, and economic viability of Asian stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) across six treatments: a non-biofloc control (SD50C1), a biofloc control (SD50C2), and four BFT densities (60, 70, 80, and 90 fish m−3). A C:N ratio of 15:1 was maintained using jaggery. Biofloc treatments significantly outperformed the non-biofloc control. Water quality, microbial composition, and bacterial abundance characterized by dominant Bacillariophyceae, protozoa as well as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas in water and biofloc, and Actinobacter and Bacillus in the gut showed peak optimization at SD70. Despite treatment-wise fluctuations, all water quality parameters remained within optimal limits for H. fossilis, ensuring a stable environment for growth, nutrient utilization, and physiological changes. Overall, water and biofloc quality and fish performance were better in SD50C2 than SD50C1. Growth metrics (SGR, FCR, PER), digestive and metabolic enzymes activities, hematological profiles, and antioxidant responses were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced and lipid profile improved up to SD70, with SD60–SD80 showing comparable results. Molecular analysis revealed highly upregulated hepatic expression of SOD2 and IGF-1 in SD60–SD80, particularly at SD70. Histomorphological assessments confirmed well-developed gill lamellae, intact intestinal villi, and healthy liver architecture in these treatments. Economically, higher operational costs at increased densities were offset by greater gross income, yielding the highest benefit–cost ratio and profit margins at SD70–SD80. While the study suggested a suitable stocking range of 60–80 fish m−3, a density of 70 fish m−3 may be recommended as the optimum to ensure superior growth, physiological health, and maximal profitability for H. fossilis in biofloc systems.