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<p>Fish nutrition is one of the major challenges of aquaculture, accounting for over 60% of the cost of fish production. This study investigates the effects of varying inclusion levels of ethanolic <i>Moringa oleifera</i> leaf extract (EMOLE) on the plasma biochemistry and histopathology of <i>Heterobranchus bidorsalis</i> broodstock. <i>M. oleifera</i> leaf was processed by air drying method at 26 ± 0.5&#xa0;°C and 85% temperature and relative humidity respectively. Sample was pulverized and cold extracted using 98% absolute ethanol. Filtrates were concentrated at 40&#xa0;°C under reduced pressure and dried in hot-air oven at 45&#xa0;°C. Yield of bio-active compounds was determined using UV spectrophotometry following standard procedures. Fish were fed diets supplemented with 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g of EMOLE at a daily rate of 5% body weight, twice a day (09:00 and 16:00&#xa0;h) for 16&#xa0;weeks. Subsequently, plasma glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHOL), albumin (ALB), total protein, liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), and globulin concentrations were analyzed. GLU ranged from 20.47 (control) to 45.23&#xa0;mg/dl (3.0&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g), showing a significant increase at higher EMOLE levels. CHOL varied from 94.80 (control) to 219.58&#xa0;mg/dl (2.0&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g) while ALB levels from 1.44 (control) to 1.80&#xa0;g/L. Total protein values ranged from 5.52 to 5.79&#xa0;g/L, with no significant changes across treatment groups. Liver enzyme activities showed slight increases at higher inclusion levels, with ALT ranging from 20.60 (control) to 37.33&#xa0;IU/L (3.0&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g), AST from 23.12 (control) to 28.48&#xa0;IU/L (3.0&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g), and ALP, 47.17 (control) to 77.47&#xa0;IU/L (3.0&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g). Histopathological analysis revealed no lesions in the liver and intestine of fish fed the control or 1.0&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g diets. However, mild hepatic and intestinal lesions were observed at 2.0 and 3.0&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g, including hepatocyte vacuolation and mucosal erosion. These findings indicate that while low to moderate EMOLE inclusion may have minimal adverse effects, higher inclusion levels could lead to physiological stress and organ dysfunction in <i>H. bidorsalis</i>.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effect of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaf on plasma biochemistry and histopathological indices of Heterobranchus bidorsalis Broodstock (Geoffroy ST Hilaire, 1809)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Onuoha Stanley Obialo,
  • Folajimi Promise Daniel Satimehin,
  • Victor Tosin Okomoda,
  • Ajani Emmanuel Kolawole,
  • Mercy Robert Ekwere,
  • Benedict Terkula Iber

摘要

Fish nutrition is one of the major challenges of aquaculture, accounting for over 60% of the cost of fish production. This study investigates the effects of varying inclusion levels of ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (EMOLE) on the plasma biochemistry and histopathology of Heterobranchus bidorsalis broodstock. M. oleifera leaf was processed by air drying method at 26 ± 0.5 °C and 85% temperature and relative humidity respectively. Sample was pulverized and cold extracted using 98% absolute ethanol. Filtrates were concentrated at 40 °C under reduced pressure and dried in hot-air oven at 45 °C. Yield of bio-active compounds was determined using UV spectrophotometry following standard procedures. Fish were fed diets supplemented with 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g/100 g of EMOLE at a daily rate of 5% body weight, twice a day (09:00 and 16:00 h) for 16 weeks. Subsequently, plasma glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHOL), albumin (ALB), total protein, liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), and globulin concentrations were analyzed. GLU ranged from 20.47 (control) to 45.23 mg/dl (3.0 g/100 g), showing a significant increase at higher EMOLE levels. CHOL varied from 94.80 (control) to 219.58 mg/dl (2.0 g/100 g) while ALB levels from 1.44 (control) to 1.80 g/L. Total protein values ranged from 5.52 to 5.79 g/L, with no significant changes across treatment groups. Liver enzyme activities showed slight increases at higher inclusion levels, with ALT ranging from 20.60 (control) to 37.33 IU/L (3.0 g/100 g), AST from 23.12 (control) to 28.48 IU/L (3.0 g/100 g), and ALP, 47.17 (control) to 77.47 IU/L (3.0 g/100 g). Histopathological analysis revealed no lesions in the liver and intestine of fish fed the control or 1.0 g/100 g diets. However, mild hepatic and intestinal lesions were observed at 2.0 and 3.0 g/100 g, including hepatocyte vacuolation and mucosal erosion. These findings indicate that while low to moderate EMOLE inclusion may have minimal adverse effects, higher inclusion levels could lead to physiological stress and organ dysfunction in H. bidorsalis.

Graphical Abstract