<p>Since the late 1980s to 2025, at least 16 disease entities have been reported to affect commercially cultivated seaweeds, occurring in both open-water farming systems and nursery facilities. The expansion and intensification of seaweed production have increased the frequency of host–pathogen interactions, a trend further exacerbated by environmental stressors associated with climate change, including ocean warming, salinity fluctuations, and acidification. These conditions have contributed to rising disease incidence, with consequences such as reduced yields and product quality, greater economic losses, and a potential weakening of the overall resilience of the seaweed industry. This review was conducted using a systematic literature review approach by compiling and screening scientific publications from Scopus, Web of Science, SpringerLink, and two additional relevant sources to provide a comprehensive synthesis. Based on the evidence assembled, this review aims to (i) map the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors and the emergence and spatial distribution of diseases across seaweed species and cultivation regions, (ii) examine the economic consequences of disease along the seaweed value chain, and (iii) evaluate key aspects of disease management in seaweed aquaculture systems. Overall, this review provides a scientific basis for shaping research and policy agendas that prioritise risk-based biosecurity, the development of tolerant varieties, early-warning systems and rapid diagnostics, high-resolution environmental monitoring, and strengthened collaborative governance through public–private partnerships to support sustainable and disease-resilient seaweed aquaculture.</p>

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Reported seaweed diseases in aquaculture: a systematic review

  • Ade Wahyul Fajri Alimin,
  • Kasmiati Kasmiati,
  • Aswin Aswin,
  • Fatchurrachman Fatchurrachman,
  • Nur Yanti Pangloli,
  • Dea Pramita,
  • Winda Wijaya,
  • Rahman Romli,
  • Elmi Nurhaidah Zainuddin,
  • Jamaluddin Fitrah Alam

摘要

Since the late 1980s to 2025, at least 16 disease entities have been reported to affect commercially cultivated seaweeds, occurring in both open-water farming systems and nursery facilities. The expansion and intensification of seaweed production have increased the frequency of host–pathogen interactions, a trend further exacerbated by environmental stressors associated with climate change, including ocean warming, salinity fluctuations, and acidification. These conditions have contributed to rising disease incidence, with consequences such as reduced yields and product quality, greater economic losses, and a potential weakening of the overall resilience of the seaweed industry. This review was conducted using a systematic literature review approach by compiling and screening scientific publications from Scopus, Web of Science, SpringerLink, and two additional relevant sources to provide a comprehensive synthesis. Based on the evidence assembled, this review aims to (i) map the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors and the emergence and spatial distribution of diseases across seaweed species and cultivation regions, (ii) examine the economic consequences of disease along the seaweed value chain, and (iii) evaluate key aspects of disease management in seaweed aquaculture systems. Overall, this review provides a scientific basis for shaping research and policy agendas that prioritise risk-based biosecurity, the development of tolerant varieties, early-warning systems and rapid diagnostics, high-resolution environmental monitoring, and strengthened collaborative governance through public–private partnerships to support sustainable and disease-resilient seaweed aquaculture.