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<p>Antibiotics are widely applied to prevent and treat diseases in aquaculture, leading to bacterial resistance and drug residues. Therefore, safe and eco-friendly alternatives are urgently needed to reduce the adverse effects of excessive antibiotic use. In this study, <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> was employed as a model to evaluate the efficiency and differences between prophylactic herbs (14 days supplementation plus subsequent infection, <i>N</i> = 6 for each treatment) and therapeutic herbs (4 days post infection) with 5% garlic and 2.5% ginger based on relevant works with optimal beneficial efficiency in protecting against <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (VP<sub>AHPND</sub>). Results showed that dietary supplementation with garlic and ginger efficiently promoted shrimp growth, immunity, hepatopancreas and intestine integrity, microbial diversity, network robustness and modularity, collectively improving shrimp survival by 37.2% for prophylactic herbs and by 30.5% for therapeutic herbs following VP<sub>AHPND</sub> infection. In addition, VP<sub>AHPND</sub> infection induced antioxidant defenses (IFN-α by 4.1% and IL-10 by 99.4%) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α by 7.1% and IL-6 by 8.0%); both herb treatments can alleviate negative effects. Transcriptome analysis revealed that VP<sub>AHPND</sub> exposure significantly suppressed (<i>r</i> &gt; 0.7, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) key metabolic and immune pathways in shrimp, including circadian rhythm, GnRH signaling pathway, and protein processing, which were efficiently restored by prophylactic herbs, with limited restoration by therapeutic herbs. Alterations in gut the bacterial genera/species were significantly associated with differentially expressed genes in the shrimp hepatopancreas, e.g., <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i>, <i>Derlin-</i>1,<i> Pseudoalteromonas</i>, and <i>peroxiredoxin</i> 6. Together, these findings demonstrate that dietary herb supplementation efficiently protects shrimp immunity, gut microbiota, and network stability, thereby enhancing resistance to AHPND, with superior effects from prophylactic herbs.</p>

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Prophylactic herbs surpass therapeutic herbs in protecting shrimp from the infection of AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月20日

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  • Weixin Xu,
  • Haonan Sha,
  • Xuan Dong,
  • Jiong Chen,
  • Jianguo He,
  • Jinbo Xiong

摘要

Antibiotics are widely applied to prevent and treat diseases in aquaculture, leading to bacterial resistance and drug residues. Therefore, safe and eco-friendly alternatives are urgently needed to reduce the adverse effects of excessive antibiotic use. In this study, Litopenaeus vannamei was employed as a model to evaluate the efficiency and differences between prophylactic herbs (14 days supplementation plus subsequent infection, N = 6 for each treatment) and therapeutic herbs (4 days post infection) with 5% garlic and 2.5% ginger based on relevant works with optimal beneficial efficiency in protecting against Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (VPAHPND). Results showed that dietary supplementation with garlic and ginger efficiently promoted shrimp growth, immunity, hepatopancreas and intestine integrity, microbial diversity, network robustness and modularity, collectively improving shrimp survival by 37.2% for prophylactic herbs and by 30.5% for therapeutic herbs following VPAHPND infection. In addition, VPAHPND infection induced antioxidant defenses (IFN-α by 4.1% and IL-10 by 99.4%) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α by 7.1% and IL-6 by 8.0%); both herb treatments can alleviate negative effects. Transcriptome analysis revealed that VPAHPND exposure significantly suppressed (r > 0.7, P < 0.05) key metabolic and immune pathways in shrimp, including circadian rhythm, GnRH signaling pathway, and protein processing, which were efficiently restored by prophylactic herbs, with limited restoration by therapeutic herbs. Alterations in gut the bacterial genera/species were significantly associated with differentially expressed genes in the shrimp hepatopancreas, e.g., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Derlin-1, Pseudoalteromonas, and peroxiredoxin 6. Together, these findings demonstrate that dietary herb supplementation efficiently protects shrimp immunity, gut microbiota, and network stability, thereby enhancing resistance to AHPND, with superior effects from prophylactic herbs.