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Abstract <p>A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) and sodium citrate on growth performance, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>. Using a 3 × 3 factorial design, nine experimental diets were formulated with three SBM levels (replacing 20%, 30%, and 40% of fish meal protein (FMP)) and three sodium citrate supplementation levels (0%, 0.3%, and 0.6%). Results revealed a significant interaction between these two factors (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). The combination of 30% FMP replacement with 0.3% sodium citrate yielded optimal growth performance, significantly enhancing the weight gain rate and specific growth rate. This group also exhibited the highest activities of digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase, lipase), improved antioxidant capacity (Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione Peroxidase), and strengthened non-specific immune response (Alkaline Phosphatase, Acid Phosphatase, and Lysozyme). Intestinal microbiota analysis revealed that sodium citrate supplementation reduced the abundance of inflammation-associated Cyanobacteria and promoted beneficial bacteria (Christensenellaceae) at a 30% FMP replacement level with SBM. However, at 40% FMP replacement, sodium citrate failed to mitigate the negative effects on growth and physiological health. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.3% sodium citrate suggests effective mitigation of SBM-induced adverse effects at moderate inclusion levels (≤ 30% FMP replacement), establishing it as a promising potential strategy for sustainable shrimp feed formulation without compromising health or performance.</p> Highlights <p><UnorderedList Mark="Bullet"> <ItemContent> <p>Interactive effects between soybean meal and sodium citrate were systematically investigated.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>An optimal combination of 30% FMP replacement with 0.3% sodium citrate was identified.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>Sodium citrate restored antioxidant capacity and immune function under moderate SBM stress.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>Sodium citrate modulated low-abundance but functionally important bacterial families.</p> </ItemContent> </UnorderedList></p>

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Interactions of dietary sodium citrate and soybean meal on growth performance, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of shrimp Penaeus vannamei

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Keke Lei,
  • Xidie Zhao,
  • Hailing Zheng,
  • Pei Cui,
  • Jinhui Sun,
  • Zhenyan Cheng

摘要

Abstract

A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) and sodium citrate on growth performance, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of Penaeus vannamei. Using a 3 × 3 factorial design, nine experimental diets were formulated with three SBM levels (replacing 20%, 30%, and 40% of fish meal protein (FMP)) and three sodium citrate supplementation levels (0%, 0.3%, and 0.6%). Results revealed a significant interaction between these two factors (P < 0.05). The combination of 30% FMP replacement with 0.3% sodium citrate yielded optimal growth performance, significantly enhancing the weight gain rate and specific growth rate. This group also exhibited the highest activities of digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase, lipase), improved antioxidant capacity (Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione Peroxidase), and strengthened non-specific immune response (Alkaline Phosphatase, Acid Phosphatase, and Lysozyme). Intestinal microbiota analysis revealed that sodium citrate supplementation reduced the abundance of inflammation-associated Cyanobacteria and promoted beneficial bacteria (Christensenellaceae) at a 30% FMP replacement level with SBM. However, at 40% FMP replacement, sodium citrate failed to mitigate the negative effects on growth and physiological health. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.3% sodium citrate suggests effective mitigation of SBM-induced adverse effects at moderate inclusion levels (≤ 30% FMP replacement), establishing it as a promising potential strategy for sustainable shrimp feed formulation without compromising health or performance.

Highlights

Interactive effects between soybean meal and sodium citrate were systematically investigated.

An optimal combination of 30% FMP replacement with 0.3% sodium citrate was identified.

Sodium citrate restored antioxidant capacity and immune function under moderate SBM stress.

Sodium citrate modulated low-abundance but functionally important bacterial families.