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<p>An aquaculture farm may sustain higher losses from multiple bacterial infections than from a single infectious agent. Polyvalent vaccination is the most recent effective approach for the prevention of multiple infectious diseases in aquaculture. This research attempts to develop and evaluate a potential polyvalent vaccine for koi carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) that can be used to treat three main bacterial infections by <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>,<i> Aeromonas caviae</i>, and <i>Edwardsiella tarda</i>. The polyvalent vaccine was prepared by mixing formalin-killed bacterial whole cells of <i>A. hydrophila</i>, <i>A. caviae</i>, and <i>E. tarda</i> strains. Prepared polyvalent vaccines were encapsulated by chitosan nanoparticles, and size was measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A total number of 150 koi carp (<i>C. carpio</i>) (8 ± 0.5&#xa0;g) were divided into three groups in triplicate. The group I fish were untreated with the polyvalent vaccine and considered a control group; group II were treated with the polyvalent vaccine-coated experimental diet; and group III were immunized with the chitosan conjugated polyvalent vaccine by feed-based oral method, and the experimental trial period was 30&#xa0;days. Samples of blood and serum were collected in all experimental groups for hematological and immunological analysis on the 15th and 30th days. The immune-related genes TGF, IL1β, and IL10 showed significantly higher expression after vaccination. After 30&#xa0;days of treatment, the fish of all four groups were challenged with virulent <i>A. hydrophila</i>, <i>A. caviae</i>, and <i>E. tarda</i>. The results revealed that fish immunized with the polyvalent vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles had significantly improved hematological and immunological parameters as well as higher survival rates against <i>A. hydrophila</i>, <i>A. caviae</i>, and <i>E. tarda</i> when compared to the other control. The chitosan-conjugated polyvalent vaccine efficacy in protecting koi carp <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> exhibited an RPS of 74% against <i>A. hydrophila</i>, 70% against <i>A. caviae</i>, and 68% against <i>E. tarda</i>. This result suggested that the polyvalent vaccine is a potential vaccine candidate for the prevention of disease caused by <i>A. hydrophila</i>, <i>A. caviae</i>, and <i>E. tarda</i> in a koi carp model.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Oral delivery of chitosan-conjugated polyvalent vaccine on immune response and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, and Edwardsiella tarda in Koi carp Cyprinus carpio

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月24日

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  • Mayavan Veeramuthu Rajeswari,
  • Eswaramoorthy Thirumalaikumar,
  • Ernest Finlay Emmanuel,
  • Tamilvanan Nivetha,
  • Dhatchanamoorthi Pattabiraman,
  • Thavasimuthu Citarasu

摘要

An aquaculture farm may sustain higher losses from multiple bacterial infections than from a single infectious agent. Polyvalent vaccination is the most recent effective approach for the prevention of multiple infectious diseases in aquaculture. This research attempts to develop and evaluate a potential polyvalent vaccine for koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) that can be used to treat three main bacterial infections by Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, and Edwardsiella tarda. The polyvalent vaccine was prepared by mixing formalin-killed bacterial whole cells of A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and E. tarda strains. Prepared polyvalent vaccines were encapsulated by chitosan nanoparticles, and size was measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A total number of 150 koi carp (C. carpio) (8 ± 0.5 g) were divided into three groups in triplicate. The group I fish were untreated with the polyvalent vaccine and considered a control group; group II were treated with the polyvalent vaccine-coated experimental diet; and group III were immunized with the chitosan conjugated polyvalent vaccine by feed-based oral method, and the experimental trial period was 30 days. Samples of blood and serum were collected in all experimental groups for hematological and immunological analysis on the 15th and 30th days. The immune-related genes TGF, IL1β, and IL10 showed significantly higher expression after vaccination. After 30 days of treatment, the fish of all four groups were challenged with virulent A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and E. tarda. The results revealed that fish immunized with the polyvalent vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles had significantly improved hematological and immunological parameters as well as higher survival rates against A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and E. tarda when compared to the other control. The chitosan-conjugated polyvalent vaccine efficacy in protecting koi carp Cyprinus carpio exhibited an RPS of 74% against A. hydrophila, 70% against A. caviae, and 68% against E. tarda. This result suggested that the polyvalent vaccine is a potential vaccine candidate for the prevention of disease caused by A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and E. tarda in a koi carp model.

Graphical Abstract