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<p>This study evaluated the histological and microbiological responses of <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> fed diets with different vitamin levels and inclusion of immunomodulators, after physical stress. A total of 560 fish were distributed in 28 tanks, with four experimental diets: (1) recommended vitamin level (Vit <sub>ind</sub>); (2) recommended vitamin level + 0.5% immunomodulator (Vit <sub>ind+Immune</sub>); (3) high vitamin level (Vit <sub>high</sub>); (4) high vitamin level + 0.5% immunomodulator (Vit <sub>high+Immune</sub>). After 60&#xa0;days of feeding, the fish were subjected to thermal fluctuations (from 20 to 30&#xa0;°C, followed by 30 to 20&#xa0;°C, and, subsequently, from 20 to 30&#xa0;°C), and 168 fish were sampled. Data analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA and bioinformatics applied to metagenomic data. Histology revealed that the Vit <sub>ind</sub> group presented intense intestinal necrosis lesions (40 ± 19.36%) and presence of melanomacrophages (6.43 ± 3.60%), while the groups with immunomodulator inclusion showed an increased eosinophil infiltration in the spleen (12.86 ± 5.67%). A significant interaction between vitamin and immunomodulator levels was also observed in the liver and kidneys, characterized by vascular congestion and cellular hypertrophy. Although classical microbiology did not show significant differences between groups (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.5), microbiota diversity was greater in the groups with the inclusion of immunomodulators, with a predominance of the phylum Fusobacteria and the species <i>Cetobacterium somerae</i>. It is concluded that high vitamin levels and the inclusion of immunomodulators, as well as their interaction, provide protection to vital organs against physical stress and positively modulate the intestinal microbiota of <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Influence of immunonutrients on intestinal microbiota and stress response in Oreochromis niloticus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月18日

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  • Domickson Silva Costa,
  • Jucimauro de Araújo Pereira Júnior,
  • Manoela Clemente Fernandes,
  • Marília Tedesco,
  • Gracienhe Gomes dos Santos,
  • Maria Clara Miguel Libanori,
  • Paola Capistrano dos Santos,
  • Graziella Vivine Gonçalves de Matos Silva,
  • Thiago Augusto Soligo,
  • José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño,
  • Maurício Laterça Martins,
  • Scheila Anelise Pereira Dutra

摘要

This study evaluated the histological and microbiological responses of Oreochromis niloticus fed diets with different vitamin levels and inclusion of immunomodulators, after physical stress. A total of 560 fish were distributed in 28 tanks, with four experimental diets: (1) recommended vitamin level (Vit ind); (2) recommended vitamin level + 0.5% immunomodulator (Vit ind+Immune); (3) high vitamin level (Vit high); (4) high vitamin level + 0.5% immunomodulator (Vit high+Immune). After 60 days of feeding, the fish were subjected to thermal fluctuations (from 20 to 30 °C, followed by 30 to 20 °C, and, subsequently, from 20 to 30 °C), and 168 fish were sampled. Data analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA and bioinformatics applied to metagenomic data. Histology revealed that the Vit ind group presented intense intestinal necrosis lesions (40 ± 19.36%) and presence of melanomacrophages (6.43 ± 3.60%), while the groups with immunomodulator inclusion showed an increased eosinophil infiltration in the spleen (12.86 ± 5.67%). A significant interaction between vitamin and immunomodulator levels was also observed in the liver and kidneys, characterized by vascular congestion and cellular hypertrophy. Although classical microbiology did not show significant differences between groups (P > 0.5), microbiota diversity was greater in the groups with the inclusion of immunomodulators, with a predominance of the phylum Fusobacteria and the species Cetobacterium somerae. It is concluded that high vitamin levels and the inclusion of immunomodulators, as well as their interaction, provide protection to vital organs against physical stress and positively modulate the intestinal microbiota of Oreochromis niloticus.

Graphical abstract