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<p>Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) represent an increasing threat to human and animal health worldwide, with several bacterial pathogens detected in or maintained by tick populations. However, a comprehensive synthesis of the prevalence of <i>Anaplasma</i>, <i>Rickettsia</i>, and <i>Coxiella-</i>related bacteria and their associated factors in ticks in China remains limited. This study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of these pathogens and evaluate epidemiological and methodological factors associated with pathogen detection. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Six databases were searched for studies published between January 2000 and September 2025. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed using R to estimate pooled prevalence, and subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate potential factors associated with pathogen detection. A total of 203 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of <i>Anaplasma</i>, <i>Rickettsia</i>, and <i>Coxiella-</i>related bacteria in ticks was 6%, 16%, and 9%, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that region, pathogen species, tick species, and detection method were significantly associated with variation in reported prevalence. Regional patterns differed among the three bacterial groups, suggesting pathogen-specific geographic heterogeneity. For <i>Anaplasma</i>, <i>Anaplasma ovis</i> and <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> were predominant, and relatively high detection rates were observed in <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i> and <i>Ixodes persulcatus</i>. For <i>Rickettsia</i>, spotted fever group rickettsiae and <i>Rickettsia raoultii</i> were commonly detected, particularly in <i>Dermacentor nuttalli</i> and <i>Dermacentor silvarum</i>. <i>Coxiella</i>-related bacteria included pathogenic <i>Coxiella burnetii</i>, unspecified <i>Coxiella</i> spp., and <i>Coxiella</i>-like endosymbionts, which should be interpreted separately because of their different biological and epidemiological significance. Conventional PCR was the most widely used detection method. These findings highlight regional heterogeneity and distinct pathogen–tick species associations in tick-borne bacterial infections in China. Strengthening surveillance of frequently reported pathogen–tick combinations and standardized molecular diagnostics will improve early warning and control of tick-borne diseases.</p>

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Prevalence and associated factors of Anaplasma, Rickettsia, and Coxiella-related bacteria in ticks in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Pengcheng Bian,
  • Wei Wei,
  • Zhengyi Li,
  • Lu An,
  • Jingyi Wen,
  • Rui Wang

摘要

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) represent an increasing threat to human and animal health worldwide, with several bacterial pathogens detected in or maintained by tick populations. However, a comprehensive synthesis of the prevalence of Anaplasma, Rickettsia, and Coxiella-related bacteria and their associated factors in ticks in China remains limited. This study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of these pathogens and evaluate epidemiological and methodological factors associated with pathogen detection. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Six databases were searched for studies published between January 2000 and September 2025. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed using R to estimate pooled prevalence, and subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate potential factors associated with pathogen detection. A total of 203 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of Anaplasma, Rickettsia, and Coxiella-related bacteria in ticks was 6%, 16%, and 9%, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that region, pathogen species, tick species, and detection method were significantly associated with variation in reported prevalence. Regional patterns differed among the three bacterial groups, suggesting pathogen-specific geographic heterogeneity. For Anaplasma, Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum were predominant, and relatively high detection rates were observed in Haemaphysalis longicornis and Ixodes persulcatus. For Rickettsia, spotted fever group rickettsiae and Rickettsia raoultii were commonly detected, particularly in Dermacentor nuttalli and Dermacentor silvarum. Coxiella-related bacteria included pathogenic Coxiella burnetii, unspecified Coxiella spp., and Coxiella-like endosymbionts, which should be interpreted separately because of their different biological and epidemiological significance. Conventional PCR was the most widely used detection method. These findings highlight regional heterogeneity and distinct pathogen–tick species associations in tick-borne bacterial infections in China. Strengthening surveillance of frequently reported pathogen–tick combinations and standardized molecular diagnostics will improve early warning and control of tick-borne diseases.