Neuropsychological Rehabilitation in Stroke: EEG Neurofeedback and Brainwave Entrainment—A Pilot Study
摘要
In this pilot study, we explored the effects of two adjunctive neurorehabilitation methods: EEG neurofeedback training (EEG-NFT) and Brainwave Entrainment (BWE) on cognitive outcomes, mood, and quality of life (QoL) in post-stroke survivors, relative to standard Treatment-as-Usual (TAU). Fifteen subacute stroke patients (aged 30–55 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: EEG-NFT, BWE, or TAU. In addition to routine treatment, both intervention groups received twenty sessions of their respective interventions over three weeks. Pre- and post-intervention evaluations employed the NIMHANS Neuropsychological Battery to assess cognitive domains, the WHOQOL-BREF for QoL, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for mood symptoms. Both intervention groups demonstrated significant improvements in processing speed and memory consolidation, evidenced by enhanced digit symbol substitution and complex figure-delayed recall scores relative to TAU. Moreover, the BWE group exhibited additional benefits in verbal working memory and mood regulation, leading to more pronounced improvements in overall QoL. The mechanistic insights propose that modulation of occipital alpha and theta activity in EEG-NFT and rhythmic sensory stimulation in BWE underlie these cognitive and emotional gains. Given the small sample size, this study is best viewed as an initial feasibility trial that provides preliminary evidence and effect size estimates to inform larger randomized controlled trials. Despite limited statistical power, the robust effect sizes observed offer encouraging directions for future research in neurofeedback and brainwave entrainment post-stroke.