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<p><i>Candida albicans</i> biofilms pose significant challenges in clinical settings due to their resistance to conventional antifungal treatments and their association with increased morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of hypocrellin B (HB)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against biofilms formed by various strains of <i>C. albicans</i>, including standard, azole-sensitive, and azole-resistant strains. The effects of HB-aPDT on the viability, metabolic activity, and biomass of <i>C. albicans</i> biofilms were assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) assays, XTT reduction assays, and crystal violet (CV) staining. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to observe changes in cell membrane integrity. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed using flow cytometry, and the impact on gene expression was examined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). HB-aPDT significantly reduced the survival of <i>C. albicans</i> biofilms in a dose- and light-dependent manner. CLSM revealed photodamage to cell membranes post-treatment, and an increased presence of ROS was observed in the treated biofilms. Gene expression analysis showed downregulation of virulence-related and ergosterol biosynthesis genes, indicating a potential disruption of key pathways in fungal pathogenesis. HB-mediated aPDT effectively reduced the viability and disrupted the structural integrity of <i>C. albicans</i> biofilms, including those resistant to conventional antifungals. This study highlights the potential of HB-aPDT as an innovative approach for managing drug-resistant <i>Candida</i> infections and offers a promising alternative to traditional antifungal therapies.</p>

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Efficacy and impact of hypocrellin B-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against biofilms of Candida albicans

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Asif Jan,
  • Shuyuan Zhang,
  • Shunyu He,
  • Yinsha Miao,
  • Chengcheng Liu,
  • Yanhong Ji

摘要

Candida albicans biofilms pose significant challenges in clinical settings due to their resistance to conventional antifungal treatments and their association with increased morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of hypocrellin B (HB)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against biofilms formed by various strains of C. albicans, including standard, azole-sensitive, and azole-resistant strains. The effects of HB-aPDT on the viability, metabolic activity, and biomass of C. albicans biofilms were assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) assays, XTT reduction assays, and crystal violet (CV) staining. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to observe changes in cell membrane integrity. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed using flow cytometry, and the impact on gene expression was examined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). HB-aPDT significantly reduced the survival of C. albicans biofilms in a dose- and light-dependent manner. CLSM revealed photodamage to cell membranes post-treatment, and an increased presence of ROS was observed in the treated biofilms. Gene expression analysis showed downregulation of virulence-related and ergosterol biosynthesis genes, indicating a potential disruption of key pathways in fungal pathogenesis. HB-mediated aPDT effectively reduced the viability and disrupted the structural integrity of C. albicans biofilms, including those resistant to conventional antifungals. This study highlights the potential of HB-aPDT as an innovative approach for managing drug-resistant Candida infections and offers a promising alternative to traditional antifungal therapies.