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<p>The increasing detection of pharmaceutical micropollutants in aquatic environments raises concerns due to their persistence and incomplete removal in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Among the various biological approaches, bacterial consortia are an effective strategy for enhancing biodegradation efficiency. This study investigated the biodegradation of N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, also known as acetaminophen (APAP or paracetamol), using a local bacterial consortium composed of <i>Enterobacter hormaechei</i> subsp<i>. xiangfangensis</i> A10, <i>Bacillus cereus</i> A16, and <i>Enterobacter hormaechei</i> subsp<i>. xiangfangensis</i> A17. These strains were isolated from a WWTP and household compost. An antagonism assay confirmed the compatibility of the three strains in co-culture. Batch experiments were conducted in a minimal medium containing APAP (100&#xa0;mg&#xa0;L<sup>−1</sup>) under metabolic conditions and with the addition of glucose (50&#xa0;mg&#xa0;L<sup>−1</sup>) under co-metabolic conditions. The experiments were performed at 37&#xa0;°C and 150&#xa0;rpm for up to 72&#xa0;h. The APAP degradation kinetics was evaluated and successfully described using appropriate kinetic models, which provided quantitative insight into the performance of the consortium. HPLC and LC–MS analyses revealed that 80.33 ± 1.21% of APAP were removed under metabolic conditions, whereas the removal efficiency decreased to 50.40 ± 1.32% in the presence of glucose. Several transformation products were identified, including 4-aminophenol, hydroquinone, and muconic acid. The consortium exhibited resistance to several co-pollutants, including heavy metals and antibiotics, with the exception of nickel. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of the selected bacterial consortium for APAP bioremediation while highlighting the need for further studies that integrate process optimization and mechanistic investigations to achieve complete degradation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biotransformation of acetaminophen by a bacterial consortium isolated from wastewater treatment plant and household compost: metabolite profiling and kinetic insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Ibtissem Chekired,
  • Amel Ait-Meddour,
  • Houria Ouled-Haddar,
  • Mohamed Sifour

摘要

The increasing detection of pharmaceutical micropollutants in aquatic environments raises concerns due to their persistence and incomplete removal in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Among the various biological approaches, bacterial consortia are an effective strategy for enhancing biodegradation efficiency. This study investigated the biodegradation of N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, also known as acetaminophen (APAP or paracetamol), using a local bacterial consortium composed of Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis A10, Bacillus cereus A16, and Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis A17. These strains were isolated from a WWTP and household compost. An antagonism assay confirmed the compatibility of the three strains in co-culture. Batch experiments were conducted in a minimal medium containing APAP (100 mg L−1) under metabolic conditions and with the addition of glucose (50 mg L−1) under co-metabolic conditions. The experiments were performed at 37 °C and 150 rpm for up to 72 h. The APAP degradation kinetics was evaluated and successfully described using appropriate kinetic models, which provided quantitative insight into the performance of the consortium. HPLC and LC–MS analyses revealed that 80.33 ± 1.21% of APAP were removed under metabolic conditions, whereas the removal efficiency decreased to 50.40 ± 1.32% in the presence of glucose. Several transformation products were identified, including 4-aminophenol, hydroquinone, and muconic acid. The consortium exhibited resistance to several co-pollutants, including heavy metals and antibiotics, with the exception of nickel. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of the selected bacterial consortium for APAP bioremediation while highlighting the need for further studies that integrate process optimization and mechanistic investigations to achieve complete degradation.

Graphical Abstract