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<p><i>Aeromonas</i> spp.&#xa0;are associated with significant mortalities of economically important <i>Channa striata</i>. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming capacity make them difficult to eradicate from the environment, and studies on antibiotics alternatives, such as <i>Cinnamomum verum</i> essential oil (CVO), in aquaculture are scarce. This study aims to characterise the phytochemicals of CVO and to investigate its <i>in-vitro</i> antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant potency against <i>A. hydrophila</i> and <i>A. jandaei</i>, isolated from diseased <i>C. striata</i>. The CVO was extracted from the bark of <i>C. verum</i> via hydrodistillation and its characterisation was performed using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antibacterial potency was evaluated by determination of Zone of Inhibition (ZoI), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), growth kinetics assay, and antibiofilm assay. Additionally, antioxidant activity was analysed via DPPH and ABTS assay as a function of concentration of CVO and respective reference standard. The GC/MS analysis identified twelve compounds (89.85%), with E-cinnamaldehyde (42.735%) and Eugenol (18.583%) as the predominant compounds. Antibacterial assay demonstrated higher sensitivity of <i>A. jandaei</i> (maximum ZoI: 29.5 ± 0.50&#xa0;mm; MIC: 156&#xa0;µg/ml; MBC: 312.5&#xa0;µg/ml) than <i>A. hydrophila</i> (maximum ZoI: 25.4± 0.40&#xa0;&#xa0;mm; MIC: 312.5&#xa0;µg/ml; MBC: 625&#xa0;µg/ml). Strong biofilm inhibition potential (&gt; 50%) of CVO was observed against <i>A. hydrophila</i> (range:7.07 ± 4.51% to 74.46 ± 2.12%) and <i>A. jandaei</i> (range:10.80 ± 5.5% to 80.17 ± 4.56%). The IC<sub>50</sub> indices obtained were 15.02 ± 0.64&#xa0;µg/ml (DPPH) and 17.09 ± 0.92&#xa0;µg/ml (ABTS), indicating a strong scavenging capacity of CVO<i>.</i> Our results highlight the potential use of CVO to control <i>Aeromonas</i> infection in aquaculture, presenting a safe and cost-effective alternative to conventional antibiotics.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Harnessing the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl essential oil against Aeromonas spp.

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月24日

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  • Radhika Rimal,
  • Sanghamitra Buragohain,
  • Naisringdi Thaosen,
  • Gayatree Hazarika,
  • Dandadhar Sarma

摘要

Aeromonas spp. are associated with significant mortalities of economically important Channa striata. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming capacity make them difficult to eradicate from the environment, and studies on antibiotics alternatives, such as Cinnamomum verum essential oil (CVO), in aquaculture are scarce. This study aims to characterise the phytochemicals of CVO and to investigate its in-vitro antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant potency against A. hydrophila and A. jandaei, isolated from diseased C. striata. The CVO was extracted from the bark of C. verum via hydrodistillation and its characterisation was performed using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antibacterial potency was evaluated by determination of Zone of Inhibition (ZoI), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), growth kinetics assay, and antibiofilm assay. Additionally, antioxidant activity was analysed via DPPH and ABTS assay as a function of concentration of CVO and respective reference standard. The GC/MS analysis identified twelve compounds (89.85%), with E-cinnamaldehyde (42.735%) and Eugenol (18.583%) as the predominant compounds. Antibacterial assay demonstrated higher sensitivity of A. jandaei (maximum ZoI: 29.5 ± 0.50 mm; MIC: 156 µg/ml; MBC: 312.5 µg/ml) than A. hydrophila (maximum ZoI: 25.4± 0.40  mm; MIC: 312.5 µg/ml; MBC: 625 µg/ml). Strong biofilm inhibition potential (> 50%) of CVO was observed against A. hydrophila (range:7.07 ± 4.51% to 74.46 ± 2.12%) and A. jandaei (range:10.80 ± 5.5% to 80.17 ± 4.56%). The IC50 indices obtained were 15.02 ± 0.64 µg/ml (DPPH) and 17.09 ± 0.92 µg/ml (ABTS), indicating a strong scavenging capacity of CVO. Our results highlight the potential use of CVO to control Aeromonas infection in aquaculture, presenting a safe and cost-effective alternative to conventional antibiotics.

Graphical abstract