<p>We introduce the notion of an open-separated sequence, related to a free sequence, and define the cardinal function<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\text{os} ( X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>os</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Nonregular and regular examples <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>X</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are given such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="107" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\text{os} ( X)&lt;F(X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>os</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Motivated by a question of Angelo Bella, we show that if<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>X</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is Hausdorff then <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="162" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|X|\leq hL(X)^{\text{os} ( X)\psi_c(X)}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>L</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mtext>os</mtext> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. As<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="159" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\text{os} ( X)\psi_c(X)\leq hL(X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>os</mtext> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>X</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is Hausdorff, this gives astrengthening of the De Groot-Smirnov bound <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2^{hL(X)}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for thecardinality of a Hausdorff space. Additionally we show <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="149" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \text{nw}( X)\leq \text{hL}(X)^{\text {os} ( X)}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>nw</mtext> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mtext>hL</mtext> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mtext>os</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>X</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is regular. A consequence is that if <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>X</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is regular and either almost radial or hereditarily weakly Whyburn then <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1553_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="130" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( { |X|\leq hL(X)^{\text{os} ( X)} } \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>L</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mtext>os</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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On open-separated sequences

  • A. Bella,
  • N. Carlson,
  • S. Spadaro,
  • P. Szeptycki

摘要

We introduce the notion of an open-separated sequence, related to a free sequence, and define the cardinal function \(\text{os} ( X)\) os ( X ) . Nonregular and regular examples \(X\) X are given such that \(\text{os} ( X)<F(X)\) os ( X ) < F ( X ) . Motivated by a question of Angelo Bella, we show that if \(X\) X is Hausdorff then \(|X|\leq hL(X)^{\text{os} ( X)\psi_c(X)}\) | X | h L ( X ) os ( X ) ψ c ( X ) . As \(\text{os} ( X)\psi_c(X)\leq hL(X)\) os ( X ) ψ c ( X ) h L ( X ) if \(X\) X is Hausdorff, this gives astrengthening of the De Groot-Smirnov bound \(2^{hL(X)}\) 2 h L ( X ) for thecardinality of a Hausdorff space. Additionally we show \( \text{nw}( X)\leq \text{hL}(X)^{\text {os} ( X)}\) nw ( X ) hL ( X ) os ( X ) if \(X\) X is regular. A consequence is that if \(X\) X is regular and either almost radial or hereditarily weakly Whyburn then \( { |X|\leq hL(X)^{\text{os} ( X)} } \) | X | h L ( X ) os ( X ) .