<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a perfectly normal topological space, let <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a non-empty <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_\delta\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>δ</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-subset of <InlineEquation ID="IEq100"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and let <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathscr{B}_1(A)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">B</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denote the space of all functions <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A\to\mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of Baire-one class on <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.Let also <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\|\cdot\|_\infty\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mo>·</mo> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be the supremum norm. The symbol <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi_A\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mi>A</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> stands for the characteristic function of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We prove that for every bounded function <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="81" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f\in\mathscr {B}_1(A)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">B</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> there is a sequence <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((H_n)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>of both <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(F_\sigma\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mi>σ</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>- and <InlineEquation ID="IEq102"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_\delta\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>δ</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-subset of <InlineEquation ID="IEq105"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that the function <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{f}\colon\Omega\to\mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mover> <mi>f</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mo lspace="0pt">:</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> given by the uniformly convergent series on <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with the formula:<InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="201" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{f}:=c\sum_{n=0}^\infty (\frac{2}{3})^{n+1}(\frac{1}{2}-\chi_{H_n})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mover> <mi>f</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> </msubsup> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>extends <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>f</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="80" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{f}\in{\mathscr{B}}_1(\Omega)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mover> <mi>f</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">B</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="123" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(c=\sup_{x\in\Omega}\lvert{\overline{f}(x)}\rvert\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo movablelimits="true">sup</mo> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mrow> <mover> <mi>f</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and the condition <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\triangle)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>▵</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of the form:<InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq20.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="105" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\|f\|_\infty=\|\overline{f}\|_\infty\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mover> <mi>f</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.We apply the above series to obtain an extension of <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>f</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> positive to <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq22.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{f}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mover> <mi>f</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> positive with the condition <InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\triangle)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>▵</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. A similar technique allows us to obtain an extension of Baire-alpha functionon <InlineEquation ID="IEq24"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to Baire-alpha function on <InlineEquation ID="IEq25"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1550_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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An approximation form of the Kuratowski Extension Theorem for Baire-alpha functions

  • W. Sieg

摘要

Let \(\Omega\) Ω be a perfectly normal topological space, let \(A\) A be a non-empty \(G_\delta\) G δ -subset of \(\Omega\) Ω and let \(\mathscr{B}_1(A)\) B 1 ( A ) denote the space of all functions \(A\to\mathbb {R}\) A R of Baire-one class on \(A\) A .Let also \(\|\cdot\|_\infty\) · be the supremum norm. The symbol \(\chi_A\) χ A stands for the characteristic function of \(A\) A . We prove that for every bounded function \(f\in\mathscr {B}_1(A)\) f B 1 ( A ) there is a sequence \((H_n)\) ( H n ) of both \(F_\sigma\) F σ - and \(G_\delta\) G δ -subset of \(\Omega\) Ω such that the function \(\overline{f}\colon\Omega\to\mathbb {R}\) f ¯ : Ω R given by the uniformly convergent series on \(\Omega\) Ω with the formula: \(\overline{f}:=c\sum_{n=0}^\infty (\frac{2}{3})^{n+1}(\frac{1}{2}-\chi_{H_n})\) f ¯ : = c n = 0 ( 2 3 ) n + 1 ( 1 2 - χ H n ) extends \(f\) f with \(\overline{f}\in{\mathscr{B}}_1(\Omega)\) f ¯ B 1 ( Ω ) , \(c=\sup_{x\in\Omega}\lvert{\overline{f}(x)}\rvert\) c = sup x Ω | f ¯ ( x ) | and the condition \((\triangle)\) ( ) of the form: \(\|f\|_\infty=\|\overline{f}\|_\infty\) f = f ¯ .We apply the above series to obtain an extension of \(f\) f positive to \(\overline{f}\) f ¯ positive with the condition \((\triangle)\) ( ) . A similar technique allows us to obtain an extension of Baire-alpha functionon \(A\) A to Baire-alpha function on \(\Omega\) Ω .