<p>For a positive real number <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, let <InlineEquation ID="IEq100"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq100.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_{\gamma}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>γ</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>be the sequence <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="163" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\{\lfloor \gamma\rfloor, \lfloor 2\gamma\rfloor, \lfloor 2^2\gamma\rfloor, \ldots \}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow> <mo>⌊</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mrow> <mo>⌊</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mrow> <mo>⌊</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="31" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lfloor x\rfloor\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>⌊</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denotes the greatest integer not greater than <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>x</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. For positive real numbers <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\beta\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>β</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, write<InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="116" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_{\alpha,\beta}=A_{\alpha}\cup A_{\beta}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>α</mi> </msub> <mo>∪</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>β</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Erdős and Graham [2] posed the following problem: suppose that <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\beta\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>β</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are positive real numbers with <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha/\beta\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> irrational. Can all sufficiently large integers be represented as the sum of distinct terms of <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="34" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_{\alpha,\beta}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>? Afterwards, Hegyvári [3] proved that, for <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha\ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="63" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\beta=2^n\alpha\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for some positive integer <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>n</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, there exist infinitely many positive integers which cannot be represented as the sum of distinct terms of <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="34" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_{\alpha,\beta}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Recently, Jiang and Ma [5] further consider the case <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="74" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1&lt;\alpha&lt;2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. For a sequence <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of nonnegative integers, let <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(P(A)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be the set of all integers which can be represented as the sum of distinct terms of <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In this paper, for a class of positive real numbers <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq22.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="66" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\beta(=2^l\alpha)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>l</mi> </msup> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we determine all positive integers <InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>x</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq24"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq24.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="176" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x+\sum_{i=0}^ua_{l+i}\not\in P(A_{\alpha,\beta})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mi>u</mi> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∉</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for every nonnegative integer <InlineEquation ID="IEq25"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq25.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>u</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. That is, <InlineEquation ID="IEq26"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq24.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="176" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x+\sum_{i=0}^ua_{l+i}\not\in P(A_{\alpha,\beta})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mi>u</mi> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∉</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for every nonnegative integer <InlineEquation ID="IEq27"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq25.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>u</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if and only if <InlineEquation ID="IEq28"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq28.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1\le x&lt;a_l\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq29"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1515_Article_IEq29.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="156" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x\not\in P(\{a_0, \ldots ,a_{l-1}\})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∉</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Other related results are also obtained.</p>

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On a problem of Erdős and Graham

  • J.-H. Fang,
  • J.-Y. He

摘要

For a positive real number \(\gamma\) γ , let \(A_{\gamma}\) A γ be the sequence \(\{\lfloor \gamma\rfloor, \lfloor 2\gamma\rfloor, \lfloor 2^2\gamma\rfloor, \ldots \}\) { γ , 2 γ , 2 2 γ , } , where \(\lfloor x\rfloor\) x denotes the greatest integer not greater than \(x\) x . For positive real numbers \(\alpha\) α and \(\beta\) β , write \(A_{\alpha,\beta}=A_{\alpha}\cup A_{\beta}\) A α , β = A α A β . Erdős and Graham [2] posed the following problem: suppose that \(\alpha\) α and \(\beta\) β are positive real numbers with \(\alpha/\beta\) α / β irrational. Can all sufficiently large integers be represented as the sum of distinct terms of \(A_{\alpha,\beta}\) A α , β ? Afterwards, Hegyvári [3] proved that, for \(\alpha\ge 2\) α 2 and \(\beta=2^n\alpha\) β = 2 n α for some positive integer \(n\) n , there exist infinitely many positive integers which cannot be represented as the sum of distinct terms of \(A_{\alpha,\beta}\) A α , β . Recently, Jiang and Ma [5] further consider the case \(1<\alpha<2\) 1 < α < 2 . For a sequence \(A\) A of nonnegative integers, let \(P(A)\) P ( A ) be the set of all integers which can be represented as the sum of distinct terms of \(A\) A . In this paper, for a class of positive real numbers \(\alpha\) α and \(\beta(=2^l\alpha)\) β ( = 2 l α ) , we determine all positive integers \(x\) x such that \(x+\sum_{i=0}^ua_{l+i}\not\in P(A_{\alpha,\beta})\) x + i = 0 u a l + i P ( A α , β ) for every nonnegative integer \(u\) u . That is, \(x+\sum_{i=0}^ua_{l+i}\not\in P(A_{\alpha,\beta})\) x + i = 0 u a l + i P ( A α , β ) for every nonnegative integer \(u\) u if and only if \(1\le x<a_l\) 1 x < a l and \(x\not\in P(\{a_0, \ldots ,a_{l-1}\})\) x P ( { a 0 , , a l - 1 } ) . Other related results are also obtained.