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<p>North East (NE) India, encompassing eight states across approximately 262,179 km<sup>2</sup>, represents one of the world’s most biologically diverse and ecologically sensitive regions, straddling three globally recognised biodiversity hotspots. The region’s smallholder farming communities have long practiced intricate multi-species land use systems integrating trees, crops and livestock arrangements that are now attracting renewed scientific and policy interest for their potential to simultaneously deliver agricultural productivity, carbon sequestration and climate resilience. This review synthesises evidence from over 180 peer-reviewed publications, technical reports and grey literature sources spanning 1990–2024 to characterise climate resilient livestock-based agroforestry (CLBAF) systems across NE India, evaluate their biophysical and socioeconomic performance and assess their potential role in national and subnational climate commitments. Key findings indicate that, well managed CLBAF systems achieve Land Equivalent Ratios (LER) of 1.15–1.87, above-ground carbon stocks of 28–185&#xa0;Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> and total ecosystem carbon stocks of 46–275&#xa0;Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> depending on system type, age and management intensity. Net greenhouse gas (GHG) balances for mature CLBAF configurations indicate sequestration of 3–10&#xa0;Mg CO<sub>2</sub>e ha<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;yr<sup>−1</sup>, contrasting with conventional cropland which operates as a net GHG source. Household income assessments reveal CLBAF practitioners earning 20–35% more than conventional farming counterparts, with important dietary diversity and food security co-benefits. Notwithstanding these advantages, critical structural barriers-including fragmented customary land tenure, market isolation, limited extension capacity and escalating human-wildlife conflict constrain broader adoption. The review concludes by proposing a five-pillar policy framework aligned with India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the National Agroforestry Policy 2014 for scaling CLBAF transitions across the region.</p>

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Climate resilient livestock-based agro-forestry systems in north east india: productivity, carbon dynamics and livelihood implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Murali Arthanari Palanisamy,
  • Rajib Das,
  • Joy Kumar Dey,
  • Kiruthika Rajamanickam,
  • Mahamaya Banik,
  • Ajit Kumar Mandal,
  • Jitendra Kumar,
  • Shatabhisa Sarkar,
  • Mainak Ghosh,
  • Prasanta Kumar Pathak,
  • A. K. Mohanty

摘要

North East (NE) India, encompassing eight states across approximately 262,179 km2, represents one of the world’s most biologically diverse and ecologically sensitive regions, straddling three globally recognised biodiversity hotspots. The region’s smallholder farming communities have long practiced intricate multi-species land use systems integrating trees, crops and livestock arrangements that are now attracting renewed scientific and policy interest for their potential to simultaneously deliver agricultural productivity, carbon sequestration and climate resilience. This review synthesises evidence from over 180 peer-reviewed publications, technical reports and grey literature sources spanning 1990–2024 to characterise climate resilient livestock-based agroforestry (CLBAF) systems across NE India, evaluate their biophysical and socioeconomic performance and assess their potential role in national and subnational climate commitments. Key findings indicate that, well managed CLBAF systems achieve Land Equivalent Ratios (LER) of 1.15–1.87, above-ground carbon stocks of 28–185 Mg C ha−1 and total ecosystem carbon stocks of 46–275 Mg C ha−1 depending on system type, age and management intensity. Net greenhouse gas (GHG) balances for mature CLBAF configurations indicate sequestration of 3–10 Mg CO2e ha−1 yr−1, contrasting with conventional cropland which operates as a net GHG source. Household income assessments reveal CLBAF practitioners earning 20–35% more than conventional farming counterparts, with important dietary diversity and food security co-benefits. Notwithstanding these advantages, critical structural barriers-including fragmented customary land tenure, market isolation, limited extension capacity and escalating human-wildlife conflict constrain broader adoption. The review concludes by proposing a five-pillar policy framework aligned with India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the National Agroforestry Policy 2014 for scaling CLBAF transitions across the region.