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<p>Climate change induced variability in temperature and rainfall poses significant challenges to sustainable wheat production, necessitating the adoption of resilient land use systems such as agroforestry. The present investigation was carried out during rabi seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the Forestry Research Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur, to assess the performance of wheat under a <i>Pongamia pinnata</i> based agroforestry system in comparison to open field conditions. The experiment followed split-split plot design with two land use systems (agroforestry and open), three sowing dates (12 November, 27 November and 12 December) and two wheat varieties (MP-3336 and GW-322), replicated thrice. The results revealed that the open system significantly improved growth parameters and yield attributes, recording higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, effective tillers, spike length, grains per spike, test weight, grain yield (5.29&#xa0;t&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>) and straw yield (6.8&#xa0;t&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>) compared to agroforestry system. Early sowing (12 November) proved superior, resulting in maximum growth and yield, while delayed sowing led to a significant decline. Among varieties, GW-322 exhibited superior performance in terms of yield attributes, grain yield (5.07&#xa0;t&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>) and harvest index. In contrast, agroforestry system recorded substantially higher biomass production due to tree components and achieved higher gross (Rs. 149,336&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>) and net returns (Rs. 96,653&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>), demonstrating its economic viability. Correlation and PCA indicated strong positive associations among growth, yield, biomass and economic traits, with first two principal components explaining 94.9% of total variation. The study highlights a trade-off between maximum crop productivity under open conditions and enhanced economic returns, biomass accumulation and ecological sustainability under agroforestry system, emphasizing their role in climate resilient agriculture.</p>

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Integrated assessment of wheat growth, yield, biomass and economics under Pongamia Pinnata based agroforestry system in subtropical conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Makhan Singh Karada,
  • Manish Bhan,
  • Yashpal Singh,
  • Riya Mishra,
  • Dheer Agnihotri,
  • S. Sarvade,
  • Vishnu K. Solanki,
  • Sanjay Bhilala

摘要

Climate change induced variability in temperature and rainfall poses significant challenges to sustainable wheat production, necessitating the adoption of resilient land use systems such as agroforestry. The present investigation was carried out during rabi seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the Forestry Research Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur, to assess the performance of wheat under a Pongamia pinnata based agroforestry system in comparison to open field conditions. The experiment followed split-split plot design with two land use systems (agroforestry and open), three sowing dates (12 November, 27 November and 12 December) and two wheat varieties (MP-3336 and GW-322), replicated thrice. The results revealed that the open system significantly improved growth parameters and yield attributes, recording higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, effective tillers, spike length, grains per spike, test weight, grain yield (5.29 t ha−1) and straw yield (6.8 t ha−1) compared to agroforestry system. Early sowing (12 November) proved superior, resulting in maximum growth and yield, while delayed sowing led to a significant decline. Among varieties, GW-322 exhibited superior performance in terms of yield attributes, grain yield (5.07 t ha−1) and harvest index. In contrast, agroforestry system recorded substantially higher biomass production due to tree components and achieved higher gross (Rs. 149,336 ha−1) and net returns (Rs. 96,653 ha−1), demonstrating its economic viability. Correlation and PCA indicated strong positive associations among growth, yield, biomass and economic traits, with first two principal components explaining 94.9% of total variation. The study highlights a trade-off between maximum crop productivity under open conditions and enhanced economic returns, biomass accumulation and ecological sustainability under agroforestry system, emphasizing their role in climate resilient agriculture.