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<p>Cacao–rubber agroforestry systems (AFS) in southern Bahia have been adopted as an alternative to rubber monocultures, but their environmental performance remains insufficiently quantified. This study analyzed the impact of management practices on the carbon footprint (CF) of cacao–rubber AFS and assessed their potential to improve sustainability and efficiency in cacao production. The study was conducted in systems established under the Ouro Verde Bahia project, involving seven sites with voluntary farmer participation. The CF was estimated using the Cool Farm Tool, which applies IPCC Tier 1 and Tier 2 methodologies to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from inputs and management practices, expressed in CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent (CO<sub>2</sub>eq). Data were obtained through interviews with farmers, covering crop yields, fertilizer and pesticide use, residue management, fuel and energy consumption, land-use changes, and transport. Emissions were calculated for 2022, focusing exclusively on the cacao–rubber AFS, while carbon stocks in soils (0–30&#xa0;cm) and tree biomass were also estimated. Fertilizer production and application were the main contributors to the CF, followed by energy use, waste management, and transportation, while emissions from crop protection products were minimal. On average, the overall CF was 3.3&#xa0;kg CO<sub>2</sub>eq&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup> product, whereas the annual change in carbon stocks reached − 50.16&#xa0;t CO<sub>2</sub>eq&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;yr<sup>−1</sup>. These findings highlight the importance of management efficiency for improving the environmental performance of cacao–rubber AFS. Accordingly, the adoption of improved management practices and conservation-oriented strategies may enhance the sustainability of these systems under the conditions evaluated in southern Bahia.</p>

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Carbon footprint and carbon stocks in cacao–rubber agroforestry systems in southern Bahia, Brazil

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Neide Ribeiro Santos,
  • Emanuela Forestieri Gama-Rodrigues,
  • Antonio Carlos Gama-Rodrigues,
  • Jaime Honorato-Júnior

摘要

Cacao–rubber agroforestry systems (AFS) in southern Bahia have been adopted as an alternative to rubber monocultures, but their environmental performance remains insufficiently quantified. This study analyzed the impact of management practices on the carbon footprint (CF) of cacao–rubber AFS and assessed their potential to improve sustainability and efficiency in cacao production. The study was conducted in systems established under the Ouro Verde Bahia project, involving seven sites with voluntary farmer participation. The CF was estimated using the Cool Farm Tool, which applies IPCC Tier 1 and Tier 2 methodologies to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from inputs and management practices, expressed in CO2 equivalent (CO2eq). Data were obtained through interviews with farmers, covering crop yields, fertilizer and pesticide use, residue management, fuel and energy consumption, land-use changes, and transport. Emissions were calculated for 2022, focusing exclusively on the cacao–rubber AFS, while carbon stocks in soils (0–30 cm) and tree biomass were also estimated. Fertilizer production and application were the main contributors to the CF, followed by energy use, waste management, and transportation, while emissions from crop protection products were minimal. On average, the overall CF was 3.3 kg CO2eq kg−1 product, whereas the annual change in carbon stocks reached − 50.16 t CO2eq ha−1 yr−1. These findings highlight the importance of management efficiency for improving the environmental performance of cacao–rubber AFS. Accordingly, the adoption of improved management practices and conservation-oriented strategies may enhance the sustainability of these systems under the conditions evaluated in southern Bahia.