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<p>Recent ecological changes in Urmia Lake, marked by a dramatic transition from rainy to drought conditions, have altered key environmental parameters and may affect the immune system of local organisms, including <i>Artemia urmiana</i>. Among the environmental factors associated with these changes, temperature and salinity are the primary and critical factors directly influencing survival, growth, and immune function in aquatic organisms. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature and salinity changes on the expression of prophenoloxidase (<i>proPO</i>), a key component of innate immunity, as well as non-lethal heat shock (NLHS)–induced <i>proPO</i> expression in <i>Artemia urmiana</i>. qPCR assay was developed to evaluate the influence of three-decade ecological crisis, focusing on temperature and salinity, on basal and NLHS-induced <i>proPO</i> expression of nauplii of <i>Artemia urmiana</i>, originating from cysts collected from 1994 (rainy period) to 2020 (drought period). To obtain partial cds of <i>proPO</i>, four regions of this cDNA were sequenced using Sanger method. Student’s t-test was conducted for statistical comparisons between two groups, whereas one-way ANOVA was utilized for the analysis of more than two groups. Before expression analysis, four regions of <i>proPO</i> cDNA were sequenced (the accession numbers: OQ784234, OQ784235, OQ784236, OQ784237) and then assembled into a larger partial cds (the accession numbers: OQ784174). qPCR results demonstrated that ecological changes caused <i>proPO</i> expression shifting, which was highest in 2005 (95% CI [−&#xa0;2.34 to −&#xa0;1.033], <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Notably, the nauplii exposed to longer-term changes were able to increase <i>proPO</i> expression more than others in response to NLHS (95% CI −&#xa0;4.43 to −&#xa0;2.57], <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Our findings highlighted the effects temperature and salinity on basal and NLHS-induced pro<i>PO</i> expression. Notably, prior exposure to stressors may confer survival and adaptation advantages against future challenges, indicating a bright side of long-term environmental stressors.</p>

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The immune system of aquatic organisms is affected by long-term ecological alterations: focusing on prophenoloxidase (proPO) and NLHS-induced proPO gene expression in Artemia urmiana

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Reyhaneh Ravanbakhsh,
  • Naser Agh,
  • Peter Bossier

摘要

Recent ecological changes in Urmia Lake, marked by a dramatic transition from rainy to drought conditions, have altered key environmental parameters and may affect the immune system of local organisms, including Artemia urmiana. Among the environmental factors associated with these changes, temperature and salinity are the primary and critical factors directly influencing survival, growth, and immune function in aquatic organisms. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature and salinity changes on the expression of prophenoloxidase (proPO), a key component of innate immunity, as well as non-lethal heat shock (NLHS)–induced proPO expression in Artemia urmiana. qPCR assay was developed to evaluate the influence of three-decade ecological crisis, focusing on temperature and salinity, on basal and NLHS-induced proPO expression of nauplii of Artemia urmiana, originating from cysts collected from 1994 (rainy period) to 2020 (drought period). To obtain partial cds of proPO, four regions of this cDNA were sequenced using Sanger method. Student’s t-test was conducted for statistical comparisons between two groups, whereas one-way ANOVA was utilized for the analysis of more than two groups. Before expression analysis, four regions of proPO cDNA were sequenced (the accession numbers: OQ784234, OQ784235, OQ784236, OQ784237) and then assembled into a larger partial cds (the accession numbers: OQ784174). qPCR results demonstrated that ecological changes caused proPO expression shifting, which was highest in 2005 (95% CI [− 2.34 to − 1.033], p < 0.001). Notably, the nauplii exposed to longer-term changes were able to increase proPO expression more than others in response to NLHS (95% CI − 4.43 to − 2.57], p < 0.001). Our findings highlighted the effects temperature and salinity on basal and NLHS-induced proPO expression. Notably, prior exposure to stressors may confer survival and adaptation advantages against future challenges, indicating a bright side of long-term environmental stressors.