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<p>Due to the superior mechanical properties and lightweight characteristics, 3D woven composites (3DWCs) have been extensively employed in the aerospace industry. In service, 3DWCs are typically exposed to the combined effects of elevated temperatures and off-axis tensile loadings. This study presents a mesoscale finite element (FE) model of 3DWCs, incorporating the temperature-dependent progressive damage model for the constituent materials, to simulate the off-axis tensile behavior under various temperatures based on ABAQUS/Standard. The tensile responses and damage evolution processes are analyzed for four specific scenarios: axial tension at room temperature, off-axis tension at room temperature, axial tension at elevated temperature, and off-axis tension at elevated temperature. Key findings include: under 45° off-axis tensile loading, the multiaxial stress state reduces the material strength by approximately 90% compared with that under on-axis tension. At 200&#xa0;°C under on-axis tension, thermal damage and matrix softening lead to strength reduction of approximately 40% relative to room-temperature on-axis tensile conditions. In contrast, under 45° off-axis tension at 200&#xa0;°C, the thermal relaxation of yarns results in approximately 30% increase in strength compared with room-temperature 45° off-axis tension. These findings provide robust basis for the safe and reliable application of 3D woven composites in the complex service environments encountered in aerospace engineering.</p>

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Numerical Investigation on Off-axis Tensile Behavior of 3D Woven Composites at Elevated Temperatures

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Zhouyang Bian,
  • Chunjian Mao,
  • Chao Zhang

摘要

Due to the superior mechanical properties and lightweight characteristics, 3D woven composites (3DWCs) have been extensively employed in the aerospace industry. In service, 3DWCs are typically exposed to the combined effects of elevated temperatures and off-axis tensile loadings. This study presents a mesoscale finite element (FE) model of 3DWCs, incorporating the temperature-dependent progressive damage model for the constituent materials, to simulate the off-axis tensile behavior under various temperatures based on ABAQUS/Standard. The tensile responses and damage evolution processes are analyzed for four specific scenarios: axial tension at room temperature, off-axis tension at room temperature, axial tension at elevated temperature, and off-axis tension at elevated temperature. Key findings include: under 45° off-axis tensile loading, the multiaxial stress state reduces the material strength by approximately 90% compared with that under on-axis tension. At 200 °C under on-axis tension, thermal damage and matrix softening lead to strength reduction of approximately 40% relative to room-temperature on-axis tensile conditions. In contrast, under 45° off-axis tension at 200 °C, the thermal relaxation of yarns results in approximately 30% increase in strength compared with room-temperature 45° off-axis tension. These findings provide robust basis for the safe and reliable application of 3D woven composites in the complex service environments encountered in aerospace engineering.