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<p>This study investigates the ballistic response of a three-dimensional reinforced shallow bend-joint woven fabric (3DRSBWF) composed of Kevlar K49 aramid yarns through a combined experimental and high-fidelity mesoscale numerical simulation approach. A mesoscale finite element (FE) model was developed in LS-DYNA using 306,620 eight-node hexahedral elements, with yarn cross-sections represented as elongated octagons to reflect realistic packing geometry. The model was validated against ballistic impact experiments across a range of strike velocities (290–480&#xa0;m/s), achieving a maximum residual velocity prediction error of 5.2% and a damage zone diameter agreement within 8.3% of experimentally measured values. The ballistic limit (V₅₀) was determined to be approximately 415&#xa0;m/s. Quantitative energy partitioning analysis at a representative strike velocity of 363.46&#xa0;m/s revealed that inter-yarn and yarn–projectile friction is the dominant energy dissipation mechanism, accounting for 45.3% of total absorbed energy. Among the yarn systems, weft yarns contributed 26.7%, warp yarns contributed 17.3%, and through-thickness Z-yarns contributed 10.7%. Although Z-yarns absorb minimal internal strain energy (0.3%), they serve a critical structural role by mechanically interlocking fabric layers, suppressing delamination, and sustaining the inter-yarn contact pressure that amplifies frictional dissipation. These findings demonstrate that the extensive interlacing architecture of 3D woven fabrics fundamentally transforms the energy absorption mechanism relative to conventional 2D laminates, offering a robust design pathway for next-generation lightweight ballistic protection systems.</p>

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Ballistic Impact on 3D Reinforced Woven Fabrics: A Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Energy Absorption and Failure Mechanisms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Yunyu Li,
  • Xuejia Shi,
  • Qingsong Wei,
  • Mingling Wang,
  • Lvtao Zhu,
  • Huapeng Zhang,
  • Yan Ma

摘要

This study investigates the ballistic response of a three-dimensional reinforced shallow bend-joint woven fabric (3DRSBWF) composed of Kevlar K49 aramid yarns through a combined experimental and high-fidelity mesoscale numerical simulation approach. A mesoscale finite element (FE) model was developed in LS-DYNA using 306,620 eight-node hexahedral elements, with yarn cross-sections represented as elongated octagons to reflect realistic packing geometry. The model was validated against ballistic impact experiments across a range of strike velocities (290–480 m/s), achieving a maximum residual velocity prediction error of 5.2% and a damage zone diameter agreement within 8.3% of experimentally measured values. The ballistic limit (V₅₀) was determined to be approximately 415 m/s. Quantitative energy partitioning analysis at a representative strike velocity of 363.46 m/s revealed that inter-yarn and yarn–projectile friction is the dominant energy dissipation mechanism, accounting for 45.3% of total absorbed energy. Among the yarn systems, weft yarns contributed 26.7%, warp yarns contributed 17.3%, and through-thickness Z-yarns contributed 10.7%. Although Z-yarns absorb minimal internal strain energy (0.3%), they serve a critical structural role by mechanically interlocking fabric layers, suppressing delamination, and sustaining the inter-yarn contact pressure that amplifies frictional dissipation. These findings demonstrate that the extensive interlacing architecture of 3D woven fabrics fundamentally transforms the energy absorption mechanism relative to conventional 2D laminates, offering a robust design pathway for next-generation lightweight ballistic protection systems.