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Purpose <p>Muscle tissues are core components of biohybrid robots. However, the lack of in-depth contraction dynamics analysis of muscle tissues affects their control and actuation methods, which in turn limits their performance. We aim to develop a new approach to explore muscle contraction properties to provide a reference and foundation for the control and actuation of muscle tissues.</p> Methods <p>We proposed a method using continuous vector sets (a sequence of vectors connected end-to-end) to characterize the flexible contraction properties of muscles on both of the overall and regional contraction. Based on this, we carried out electrical stimulation experiments on muscle tissues.</p> Results <p>(1) We found a nonlinear three-stage fatigue response of the muscle tissues under prolonged electric field stimulation with a significant performance degradation point (192&#xa0;s at 1&#xa0;Hz stimulation). (2) We investigated the effects of different parameters such as duty cycle, baseline voltage, and waveform on the contraction dynamics of the muscle tissues. We found that the muscle is highly sensitive to changes in electrical signals and could produce two different contraction behaviors within a single stimulation cycle under the appropriate duty cycle (14.5–85.5% at 1&#xa0;Hz frequency). (3) We found significant regional response capability of muscle tissues under unsaturated external electric fields. The difference in contractile strain of the same region within the muscle was up to about 10% under different stimulus electric fields.</p> Conclusion <p>We believe that this study provides a reference for the optimization of control strategies for biohybrid robots and is expected to offer the possibility of programmable muscle contraction behavior for further engineering applications.</p>

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Analyzing Muscle Contraction Dynamics Through Continuous Vector Segmentation and Tracking

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Wenze Wu,
  • Wenyu Chen,
  • Liuhe Li,
  • Junnan Feng,
  • Zhe Liu,
  • Wei Gu,
  • Lin Gao,
  • Jiankang He,
  • Dichen Li

摘要

Purpose

Muscle tissues are core components of biohybrid robots. However, the lack of in-depth contraction dynamics analysis of muscle tissues affects their control and actuation methods, which in turn limits their performance. We aim to develop a new approach to explore muscle contraction properties to provide a reference and foundation for the control and actuation of muscle tissues.

Methods

We proposed a method using continuous vector sets (a sequence of vectors connected end-to-end) to characterize the flexible contraction properties of muscles on both of the overall and regional contraction. Based on this, we carried out electrical stimulation experiments on muscle tissues.

Results

(1) We found a nonlinear three-stage fatigue response of the muscle tissues under prolonged electric field stimulation with a significant performance degradation point (192 s at 1 Hz stimulation). (2) We investigated the effects of different parameters such as duty cycle, baseline voltage, and waveform on the contraction dynamics of the muscle tissues. We found that the muscle is highly sensitive to changes in electrical signals and could produce two different contraction behaviors within a single stimulation cycle under the appropriate duty cycle (14.5–85.5% at 1 Hz frequency). (3) We found significant regional response capability of muscle tissues under unsaturated external electric fields. The difference in contractile strain of the same region within the muscle was up to about 10% under different stimulus electric fields.

Conclusion

We believe that this study provides a reference for the optimization of control strategies for biohybrid robots and is expected to offer the possibility of programmable muscle contraction behavior for further engineering applications.