Purpose Determine the cervical and lumbar spine forces and moments generated in belted occupants in frontal impacts up to 40-km/h change in velocity (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10439_2025_3808_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\Delta }V$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and assess their potential to cause spinal disc injury. Methods Loads experienced by anthropomorphic test devices, human volunteers, and human cadavers were measured in 282 impact tests. Functions were developed to describe the expected loads as functions of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10439_2025_3808_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\Delta }V$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for small females, mid-size males, and large males. Loads were contextualized by comparison to injury assessment reference values, manual lifting standards, the compressive loads that have caused spinal disc injuries in vitro, and the compressive spinal loads that occur in other situations. Results The functions confirm that the spinal loads are well below any established injury assessment reference value. Compressive loads are within the range of loads voluntarily tolerated during daily activities and well below the loads that have caused disc injuries in biomechanical studies. Conclusion This study confirms the lack of a biomechanical foundation to assert specific causation when a belted occupant presents with isolated disc herniations, bulges, or extrusions through the annulus following a frontal impact under 40-km/h <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10439_2025_3808_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\Delta }V$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.

Disc Injury and Spine Loads in Low-to-Moderate-Severity Frontal Impacts

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2025年7月19日

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Richard Kent,
Jason Forman

摘要

Purpose

Determine the cervical and lumbar spine forces and moments generated in belted occupants in frontal impacts up to 40-km/h change in velocity ( ${\Delta }V$ $Δ V$ ) and assess their potential to cause spinal disc injury.

Methods

Loads experienced by anthropomorphic test devices, human volunteers, and human cadavers were measured in 282 impact tests. Functions were developed to describe the expected loads as functions of ${\Delta }V$ $Δ V$ for small females, mid-size males, and large males. Loads were contextualized by comparison to injury assessment reference values, manual lifting standards, the compressive loads that have caused spinal disc injuries in vitro, and the compressive spinal loads that occur in other situations.

Results

The functions confirm that the spinal loads are well below any established injury assessment reference value. Compressive loads are within the range of loads voluntarily tolerated during daily activities and well below the loads that have caused disc injuries in biomechanical studies.

Conclusion

This study confirms the lack of a biomechanical foundation to assert specific causation when a belted occupant presents with isolated disc herniations, bulges, or extrusions through the annulus following a frontal impact under 40-km/h ${\Delta }V$ $Δ V$ .